1. © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Economic geography  Industrialization

2. © T. M. Whitmore Questions? Social Geography  Race  Religion

3. © T. M. Whitmore Industrialization in the late 19th Century — up through WWII Export Processing Industrialization (a follow on from colonial patterns) Low technology manufacture of basic consumer goods Era of WW I; Great Depression; through WW II

4. © T. M. Whitmore Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) (1940s — 1970s) Legitimized by Argentine economist Raul Prebish in 1940 and adopted as official policy by the UN after WWII

5. © T. M. Whitmore How ISI works Imposed quotas or tariffs to increase the price of imported manufactured goods Idea is to stimulate local industries NOT a new idea

6. © T. M. Whitmore Consequences of previous rounds of industrialization A legacy of: Colonial; 19 th C; and especially ISI industrialization Spatially uneven: largest states benefit most Smaller states forced to band together Smaller

7. © T. M. Whitmore Economic & other assumptions of ISI Presumes that “under development” is partly the result of uneven terms of trade between LA and the more developed Atlantic world Isolating the country’s economy from the wider world’s economy will allow it to develop without the pressures from the Atlantic World Attempt to recreate a mini-model of the economy of more developed states Strongly involve the state in economic activities via state enterprises etc.

8. © T. M. Whitmore Problems with ISI Role of modern technology in ISI Role of changed imports in ISI Role of foreign control in ISIforeign control Role of role of governments in ISI Inefficient management due to lack of competition Loans to do all this not easily repaid => demands to “restructure” economy”

9. © T. M. Whitmore Growth Pole Industrialization (a type of ISI in 1950s-60s) Concentrate on key parts of economy Develop specific locations  E.g., Arica ChileArica  Amazonia and NE Brazil Amazonia and NE Brazil  Ciudad Guyana Ciudad

10. © T. M. Whitmore Fiscal environment and impacts of ISI and other rounds of development ISI and general growth in 1960s led to increased borrowing by LA nations By 1980s loans became due but growth anticipated from ISI was not sufficient Neo-liberal reforms or “Conditionality” as a plan to work out debt (Structural Adjustments) Higher interest rates, higher cost oil, etc => great levels of inflation beginning in 1970s Inflation => elites took their money out of LA to US and Europe

11. © T. M. Whitmore Export Promotion Industrialization I Due to failures of ISI and need of LA countries to satisfy banks from whom they borrowed to do the ISI Idea was to mimic success of Asian “Tigers” Based on “neo-classical” economic ideas  Assumes that markets manage best  Thus, open markets best (lower or eliminate tariffs) (tariffs are usually reciprocal)  Allow transnational corporationstransnational  Thus, attempts to create zones of free trade

12. © T. M. Whitmore Export Promotion Industrialization II Main advantage of LA in world economy (in addition to availability of some raw materials and agricultural products) for manufacturing is  Location near USA mkt.  The low cost of labor => labor-intensive (assembly) industries

13. © T. M. Whitmore Export Promotion Industrialization III Mexico and Brazil initially first in this due to their already existing industrial infrastructure MexicoBrazil  E.g., auto factories initially designed for ISI changed to export This pattern is greatest in the sphere of small-scale assembly of finished goods or parts – often in special zonesspecial These are usually referred to as Maquiladora assembly plants

14. © T. M. Whitmore Current patterns of industrialization Mexico + Brazil ~ ½ of Latin American population but > 70% of industrial output Mexico + Brazil Brazil ~ 1/3 of pop but has ~ ½ industrial output by itself Argentina, Peru, Venezuela have ~ 25% of industrial output in LA Thus, ALL the rest of LA combined has less than 10% of all industrial output

16. VW in Puebla, Mexico

18. SUDAN SUDENE

19. Ciudad Guyana

21. © T. M. Whitmore

22. Auto train near Saltillo. Mexico

23. © T. M. Whitmore

25. Kenworth (18 wheelers) exported FROM Monterey, Mexico to USA

26. © T. M. Whitmore

28. © W.H. Freeman & Co.

31. © T. M. Whitmore

34. © Secretaría de Economía, Mexico

36. © T. M. Whitmore

40. © W.H. Freeman & Co.

42. © Zachary Miles Baddorf. www.baddorf.com

43. © Amnesty International

45. © T. M. Whitmore