1. SPATIAL ECONOMY AND DEMOGRAPHICS

2. USSR Population USSR Population (Lost 15 mil to civil war/Stalin and 14 mil to WWII; Male shortage one reason for women in both workforce & home) Population would have been 440 million in 1991 without wars Despite Annexations!

3. “State Socialism” Central planning of “Command Economy” Guaranteed job, low rents, health care, daycare, etc. Heavy industrialization to catch up to West Forced collectivization of private farmlands

4. Ukraine (Donbass) Urals Siberia (Kuzbass) Industrial regions Ukraine (Donbass) Urals Siberia (Kuzbass) Mutually dependent/ not self-sufficient

5. Donbass & Kuzbass Donbass coal fields, E. Ukraine/ Russia bank of Don. Coal/steel region since 1870s Kuzbass coal fields, W. Siberia

6. Russian urban population Soviets favored large industry over farms & cities –Moscow 30% industrial; Paris only 5% Urbanization but without urban services/transit/life Prefab worker apartment blocs / housing shortages

7. Soviet bloc city Budapest, Hungary

8. Russian urban population Russian urban population Overwhelmingly in largest cities

9. Russian migration Soviet controls over movement, travel Encouraged moves to big cities, labor shortage areas, frontier zones Skilled Russians move to other republics, frontier 3 mil. Russians moved back to Russia, 1990s

10. Soviet rural economy At first divided aristocrats’/ church estates for peasants Stalin forced collectivization of private farms Consolidated farmland into Kolkhoz (Cooperative Farm) and Sovkhoz (State Farm), like large estates Same in E. Europe 1950s (except Poland, Yugo.)

11. Drawbacks of Soviet agriculture Stalin murdered Kulaks (well-off peasants), 1930s Peasants had low status, little incentive Command agriculture irrational, favored larger towns; Ended up importing food by 1980s

12. Gorbachev’s rural changes Broke state land monopoly, allowed private leases and withdrawals from state farms Sell the land? Losing Mir (rural commune) tradition Fears of food insecurity, new rural elite, lack of training

13. Results of rural changes Millions of private farms (esp. in south) But state farms/coops keep 75% of land, with more democracy, shareholding, efficiency Interdependence of old state farms, new private Some old estates revived in E. Europe; and some corporate agribusiness

14. “Shock therapy” Close command industries Reduce or end subsidies Pass burden to renters Privatize industrial economy; benefit new entrepeneurs High unemployment, inflation, inequality

15. Hub regions - Government/transportation centers. High-tech industries - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Nizhny Novgorod, Urals Gateway regions - Outward looking/ trade-oriented - Vladivostok, Murmansk, Kaliningrad Winning regions

16. Command military-industrial / coal regions State agricultural regions Remote natural resource (non-oil) Ethnic minority regions in conflict Losing regions Losing regions Huge gaps in prices, income, roads

17. Favorable regions of Russia

18. Unfavorable regions of Russia

19. Russian agricultural employment

20. Communist vote in 1995 Duma election Agricultural zone; older population. Nationalist zones bordering Muslims, East Asians

21. Russian industrial employment

22. Reform party vote in 1995 Duma election Educated urban areas; Mixed industry-agriculture; North, east less serfdom history

23. Russia’s demographics, 1990-2006 MaleFemale Effects of war, poor male health

24. Russian birth rate

25. Russian death rate

26. U.S. Baby Boom U.S. Baby Boom USSR instead had “echo busts” slowing growth in 1960s, 1980s Baby Bust (1965-1980) Baby Boom (1946-1964) Echo Boom

27. Russian life expectancy Russian life expectancy Men dying from alcohol, drugs, accidents, crime; Male life expectancy now like parts of Third World

28. Russia’s population decline Population decline for first time since WWII; Worries about aging population, labor shortages; Larger families in Muslim regions but not as many industrial workers