1. Notes: Exam corrections – due on Thursday, November 12 Last Exam Concrete vs Abstract words

2. 22 “Language” Human Neuropsychology (486 / 686) Lecture Chapter 19.

3. Components of Language

4. The Production of Sound

5. Origins of Language Vocalization theories - precursors of language were animal vocalization. (poo- poo, bow-wow, yo-he-ho, sing-song) Vocalization theories - precursors of language were animal vocalization. (poo- poo, bow-wow, yo-he-ho, sing-song) Gestural Theory – Primitive gestures evolved into language Gestural Theory – Primitive gestures evolved into language Multimodal Theory – gestures and vocalizations evolved together Multimodal Theory – gestures and vocalizations evolved together

6. A Theory of Language Core skills for language : Core skills for language : 1. Categorization 2. Label categories 3. Sequence behaviors 4. Mimicry

7. The Localization of Language Anatomical Areas : pSTP aSTP

8. Wernicke Geshwind Model Wernicke Geshwind Model Localization of Language Primary auditory Visual areas parietal

9. Electrical stimulation – generally confirms roles of classic speech areas, adds primary motor and somatosensory areas and supplimental motor area (prefrontal) Electrical stimulation – generally confirms roles of classic speech areas, adds primary motor and somatosensory areas and supplimental motor area (prefrontal) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) – generally confirms electrical stimulation studies but suggests additional role for Broca’s area Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) – generally confirms electrical stimulation studies but suggests additional role for Broca’s area Imaging – fMRI: many areas activated Imaging – fMRI: many areas activated PET: specific areas active for specific tasks PET: specific areas active for specific tasks Mapping Speech Zones:

10. Mapping Speech Zones Confirm roles of anterior / posterior speech zones Confirm roles of anterior / posterior speech zones Posterior speech zone: analysis of auditory input Posterior speech zone: analysis of auditory input Additional role for Broca’s area Additional role for Broca’s area Language maps onto primary sensory areas Language maps onto primary sensory areas

11. Disorders of Language Aphasia - Disorder of speaking, writing (agraphia), or reading (alexia) that does not result from loss of sensory input, muscle paralysis or intellectual impairment Aphasia - Disorder of speaking, writing (agraphia), or reading (alexia) that does not result from loss of sensory input, muscle paralysis or intellectual impairment

12. Why is studying language complex? Why is studying language complex? 1. Widespread areas of the brain contribute to language 2. Most studies of language disorders involve patients with damage to the Middle Cerebral Artery 3. Language deficits after a stroke are severe at first, but recover over time 4. Aphasias have many symptoms and causes

13. Disorders of Language Three Main Categories of Aphasia Three Main Categories of Aphasia

14. Fluent Aphasias: Wernicke’s (Sensory) Aphasia Wernicke’s (Sensory) Aphasia Transcortical mixed Aphasia (isolation syndrome) Transcortical mixed Aphasia (isolation syndrome) Conduction Aphasia Conduction Aphasia Anomic or Amnesic Aphasia Anomic or Amnesic Aphasia

15. Nonfluent Aphasias Broca’s or Expressive aphasia Broca’s or Expressive aphasia Transcortical Motor Aphasia, Global Aphasias

16. Cortical Components Fluent Aphasias: Core deficit is Lack of speech comprehension - temporal regions around Wernicke’s Non-fluent Aphasias: Five symptoms – 1. Speech Apraxia - insula 2. Sentence comprehension - superior temporal gyrus 3. Speech repetition - arcuate fasciculus 4. Working memory 5. Articulation Broca’s area

17. Pure Aphasias Alexia - Inability to read (left temporooccipital) Alexia - Inability to read (left temporooccipital) Agraphia - Inability to write (left inferior parietal) Agraphia - Inability to write (left inferior parietal) Word deafness - Cannot “hear” or repeat words (superior temporal gyrus) Word deafness - Cannot “hear” or repeat words (superior temporal gyrus)

18. Subcortical Components of Language Basal Ganglia Basal Ganglia Important for speech articulation Thalamus Thalamus Influences language by activating the cortex

19. Right Hemisphere Contributions to Language