1. © 2009, John B. Pryor, Ph.D. Illinois State University
GENDER
© 2009, John B. Pryor, Ph.D.
Illinois State University

2. biological
social
Gender

3. The Curious Story of Olympian Stella Walsh

4. Stella Walsh was a dominant sprinter of the 1930s and 1940s, the winner of 41 U.S. Championships in various events. Born in Poland, she emigrated to America and became a high school star in Cleveland.

5. Competing for Poland at the 1932 Olympics she won gold in the 100-meter dash.

6. At the Berlin Olympics of 1936 she lost at 100 meters to her bitter rival Helen Stephens; a controversy followed when Walsh's supporters hinted that Stephens was too fast to be a woman.

7. German doctors examined Stephens and announced she was in fact female
German doctors examined Stephens and announced she was in fact female. Walsh continued to compete as an amateur until 1954 and was inducted into the U.S. Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1975.
Stephens
Walsh

8. Report Says Stella Walsh; Had Male Sex Organs
January 23, 1981
Report Says Stella Walsh; Had Male Sex Organs
Five years later she was killed by a stray bullet during a robbery at a Cleveland shopping center. An autopsy surprised everyone by showing that Walsh had male genitals and both male and female chromosomes -- a condition known as mosaicism.

9. Unusual case of
David Reimer
Can a boy be
transformed into a
girl?

10. Unusual case of David Reimer Summer 1965. In a Winnipeg hospital,
Janet Reimer's lifelong dream comes
true as she gives birth to twin sons,
Bruce and Brian.
But within six months, both boys develop difficulty
urinating. The doctors suggest they be circumcised.
The doctors had chosen an unconventional method
of circumcision, one in which the skin would be burned.
The procedure goes horribly wrong and Bruce's penis
is burned so badly it can't be repaired surgically.

11. Unusual case of David Reimer
The family sought help from many physicians. One night, the Reimers saw a television profile of an American doctor and his theories on sex and gender. Dr. John Money of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore argued that boys caught early enough could be raised to be girls. Nurture and not nature determines a child's gender, the doctor argued. The Reimers took Bruce to Money’s clinic at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.
John Money
At the age of 21 months, Bruce's testicles were removed. What remained of his penis was left, not to interfere with his urinary tract. When Bruce was released from hospital, his parents were told to raise him as a girl. The family was told not to divulge anything to anyone. They went home with a girl they called Brenda.
“Brenda” Reimer

12. Unusual case of David Reimer When told at 14 about his
Unhappy childhood,
felt different, not
accepted by boys or girls
When told at 14 about his
past, decided to have
surgery to return being a
male. Later he married
to a woman who already had
children. Ultimately, David
committed suicide.
David as
an adult

13. Gender
Two aspects of gender:
1) Gender Role
2) Gender Identity

14. Money & Ehrhardt (1972)
Five variables that contribute to a person’s gender role and gender identity:
1) Chromosomal Gender
2) Gonadal Gender
3) Hormonal Gender
4) Morphological Gender
5) Assigned Gender
John Money

15. FIVE CHROMOSOMAL ANOMALIES
Only some
of the organism’s
cells would have
these unusual
patterns
1) X (Turner’s syndrome)
2) XXX
3) XYY
4) XXY (Klinefelter’s syndrome)
5) XXXY
mosaicism:
the condition of
possessing cells of
two or more
different genetic
constitutions

16. Tula
XXXY
Caroline Cossey in
For Your Eyes Only (1981)

17. TWO HORMONAL ANOMALIES IN GENETIC FEMALES
1) Progestin-Induced Hermaphroditism (PIH)
2) Adrenogenital Syndrome (AGS)
-also called congenital adrenal hyperplasia

18. Adrenogenital Syndrome

19. Adrenogenital Syndrome

20. TWO HORMONAL ANOMALIES IN GENETIC MALES
1) Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome
2) Guevodoces - 5-Alpha Reductase Syndrome

21. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

22. MONEY’S HYPOTHESIS:
Prenatal hormones predispose people to certain gender-linked behaviors in later life.
Four Groups of Females:
1) Turner’s Syndrome
2) Progestin-Induced Hermaphroditism
3) Adrenogenital Syndrome
4) Normal Females

23. Gender as a continuum

24. Transsexualism a gender identity disorder
3-4 more times more common among genetic males
no proven genetic, hormonal, or psychopathological antecedents
New research has found that male-to-female transsexuals have a smaller BSTc region in their hypothalamuses than non-transsexual men. The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of sexual behavior. This region is typically larger in men than in women.

25. SEX CHANGES at Gender Identity Clinics
1) Psychosocial Treatment - Learning the gender role
2) Hormonal Treatment
3) Plastic Surgery

26. Renee Richards
Renee Richards is one of the best-known transgendered athletes in U.S. history. She sued and won the right to play at the 1976 U.S. Open in the women's division. Under a plan adopted by the International Olympic Committee, post-op transsexuals were not banned from competition in subsequent Olympics.

27. Transsexuals-post surgery

28. Female to Male Transexual

29. Some Male to Female Transexuals

30. Some cultures do not have
just a 2 category system
3rd Sex
Female
Male

31. Gender Categories
in Other Cultures
Third Sex among Navajo

32. Native American terms for 3rd Sex
1.Nadle - Navajo
2.Bade' - Crow
3.Winkte - Lakota
4.Ihamana - Zuni
5.Mujerado - Laguna/Acoma
6.Siange - Winnebago
7.A-whock - Arapaho
8.Hemaneh - Cheyennes

33. both man and women - Native American Two-Spirit People Berdache
GENDER CATEGORIES IN
OTHER CULTURES
both man and women -
Native American
Two-Spirit People
Berdache

34. This Navajo
Berdache
wore clothing
that was distinct
from both that
of men and
women

35. This Crow
Berdache
was named
‘Finds-them
-and-kills-
them’. He
dressed
as a man
one day
when he went to war with the men of his tribe.

36. India Hindu cult of the Hijra Males who amputate their penises
GENDER CATEGORIES IN
OTHER CULTURES
India
Hindu cult of the Hijra
Males who amputate their penises
Dress and live as women
participate in fertility rituals
often make their living as prostitutes

37. Hijra dancing at wedding

38. Hijra at
home
3 Hijra going to temple

39. Blessing infant
Dancing At
Festival

40. HIJRA IN CHENAI, INDIA

41. HIJRA BEAUTY CONTEST