1. Types of Participles Tense ActivePassive Perfectxxx verbs like locutus are active only in meaning actus, acta, actum Presentagens, agentis xxx Future agendus, agenda, agendum

2. Translations of Participles Tense ActivePassive Perfect xxxx having verbed having been verbed Presentverbing xxxxx Futuregoing to be verbed

3. Types of Subjunctives 1. Circumstantial Cum-clauses Signal: cum + subjunctive 2. Indirect Questions Signal : question word + subjunctive Signal : question word + subjunctive 3. Ut Purpose Clauses Signal : ut + imperfect subjunctive Signal : ut + imperfect subjunctive 4. Indirect Commands Signal : verb of ordering, requesting, etc. + ut + subjunctive Signal : verb of ordering, requesting, etc. + ut + subjunctive 5. Ut Result Clauses Signal : tam, tantus, adeo, tot, etc. + ut + imperfect subjunctive Signal : tam, tantus, adeo, tot, etc. + ut + imperfect subjunctive

4. Expressions of Time in Latin Accusative of Time How Long: tres continuos dies for three continuous days Ablative of time When: quarto die quarto die on the 4 th day

5. Prepositions that take Ablative Objects 1.a / ab (from, away from) 2.cum (with, together with) 3.de (down from, about) 4.e / ex (out of) 5.in (in, on) 6.pro (in front of, on behalf of) 7.sine (without) 8.sub (under)

6. 1.cum amico ambulavit. He walked with a friend. ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT (with CUM) 2. Ad urbem equo adiit. He went to the city with/by means of a horse. ABLATIVE OF MEANS / INSTRUMENT (w/o CUM)

7. What’s the Difference? 1.vulneratus ab hostibus wounded by the enemies ABL OF AGENT (w/ AB) 2. vulneratus gladio. wounded by/with a sword ABL OF MEANS OR INSTRUMENT (w/o AB OR CUM)

8. Ablative of Means/Instrument 1.stilo scribo. I am writing with a pen. 2. pilo vulneratus, miles se tradidit. Wounded by a javelin, the soldier surrendered. 3. gladio gladiatorem vici. I defeated the gladiator with a sword. 4. Romam viā Appiā ambulavi. I walked to Rome by means of the Via Appia.