1. Ag Policy, Lecture 17 Other Significant Policy Issues –Payment Limits (Knutson Chapter 7 ?) –Crop Insurance (Knutson Chapter 7) –Limited Resources (Knutson Chapter 8)

2. Payment Limits Debate began in 1960s First enacted in 1970 Current Limits –$40,000 Direct Payments –$65,000 Counter-Cyclical –$75,000 Marketing Loan Gains −New with 2002 Farm Bill is a means test $2.5 million AGI and less than 75% is Agriculture

3. Background: A Person A person is the unit to which payment limits apply—it may be an individual, an individual in a joint operation, or other entity: trust, limited partnership, corporation Under the 3-entity rule, an individual who receives payments may also receive payments from up to 2 other entities in which the individual has up to a 50% interest

4. Background: An example of maximum payments an individual may receive Producer has own operation, 50% interest in trust A and 50% interest in corporation B DirectCC MLG/LDP Dollars Own farm40,00065,00075,000 Family Trust20,00032,50037,500 Corporation20,00032,50037,500 Total80,000130,000 150,000 Grand total$360,000

5. Two sides of the Payment Limit Issue? In favor of payment limits: Too much money goes to too few Large farms don’t need the money Large payments accelerate consolidation/industrialization of agriculture Large payments lead to higher land values Against payment limits: Programs support production not producer Rules have been set and are being followed Business/investment decisions have been made based on limits in current law Doesn’t make much difference anyway

6. Payment Limit Issue Position on Payment Limits depends on your opinion of the goal of farm programs Three broad issues in agriculture –Farm Financial Health/Declining numbers –Cheap, Abundant Food –Externalilities If you think it is about supporting the farmer, you are probably in favor of payment limits If you think it is about producing enough food then you would be against payment limits

7. Distribution of AMTA Payments, 2001 $4.1 bil. Paid to 1.2 mil. Payees Payment size% of payees % of payments $10,000 or less9143 $10-30,000839 $30,000 or more118

8. Current Limits Do Not Reduce Payments Appreciably Why? Most farms are not large enough to trigger limits, although farms in 43 states hit limits in 2001 Large farms have multiple persons (payment limits) per farm No limit on marketing loan benefits

9. Effect of Current Limits on Payments Amount not paid out due to limits AMTA Mkt loss Loan benefits

10. Crop Insurance/Disaster Relief Federally subsidized crop insurance –Administered by Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC) –Originated in 1938 –Repeatedly changed since then Long History of providing Ad hoc Disaster Assistance for yield disasters

11. Background Insurance in agriculture has traditionally been crop yield insurance –Multiple peril (weather, fire, hail, wind, disease, insects, earthquake, and wildlife) –Based on: historical producer yields (Actual Production History APH) coverage level chosen (% of APH) –FCIC determined/developed –Market price converts losses into dollars

12. Background Participation in Crop Insurance has increased due to higher subsidies and certain requirements 1980 – 10% of eligible acres 1999 – 70% of eligible acres

13. Background (Cont.) Insurance designed to provide protection against substantial losses –Deductible works like car insurance –Most common coverage in Texas has been at the 65% level [maximum government subsidy] except cotton (50%) –Higher levels of coverage have been cost prohibitive

14. Current Insurance Alternatives Actual Production History (APH) Catastrophic Coverage (CAT) Group Risk Plan (GRP) Crop Revenue Coverage (CRC) Income Protection (IP) Group Revenue Insurance Policy (GRIP) Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) - schedule F Revenue Assurance (RA) Pilot Programs: Livestock Fruits and vegetables

15. Producers Hate Crop Insurance Southern Producers “Doesn’t pay” “Premiums too high relative to indemnities” Midwest Producers “My premiums subsidize producers in marginal areas” There is truth to both points of view

16. Is There Friction? “ There are certain parts of the country that have acres that are challenged by weather and farm practices that are not up to what they should be... the two Texans who lead the House Agriculture Committee come from such districts and have been joined by others in supporting crop insurance” Senate Agriculture Committee Chairman Richard Lugar (R-Ind.) October 19, 1999

17. Comparison of Loss Ratios for Selected States and Commodities, 1998 & 1999 Commodities, 1998 & 1999

18. Other Complaints Low yield becomes part of 10-year history (APH) –Lower yield  reduces future coverage levels –Low Yield  Higher risk pool  Higher premiums –Multi-year disaster can reduce value of insurance Some farmers want insurance to be profitable. –Premiums < Expected Indemnities –Does this happen with any other insurance?

19. Important Insurance Principles Moral Hazard Adverse Selection

20. Cheaters Several have gone to jail for crop insurance scams Many have gotten away with it. Most treat is with respect/dignity Moral Hazard (no seed in the planter box) Entity Switching CRC Mistake Agents are often buddies of farmers

21. Crop Insurance Realities Crop insurance provides incentive to produce in high risk areas Ad hoc disaster assistance undermines crop insurance program –Incentive not to purchase insurance Have had to increase subsidy

22. Limited Resource Discussion What is the policy motivation concerning the use of limited resources?

23. Limited Resources Farmland Issues –Meeting food needs –Fragile land –Amenities Land Policies –Free Market –Zoning –Right-to-farm –Government purchase of development rights –Preferential property tax appraisal –Land reserve or retirement –Cross-compliance

24. Limited Resources Water Issues –Who owns the water –Agriculture vs. Urban use –Market problems Water Policies –Market development –Regulating reasonable use –Increase supply of surface water –Allocation

25. Limited Resources Energy –Foreign reliance –Agriculture’s potential Endangered Species

26. Ag & Food Policy Stakeholders Farmers Agribusiness Environmentalists Consumers Taxpayers

27. Can you answer these? –Can you defend/explain either side of the payment limit debate? –What is the 3-entity rule? Can you explain how it works? –Do we save much in farm program spending b/c of limits? Why? –Why are there regional differences in crop insurance debates? –What is a loss ratio? –Explain the concepts of Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection –How do people cheat on crop insurance? –How do ad hoc disaster programs undermine crop insurance? –Can you discuss the issues associated with the allocation of limited resources? –Can you discuss the options and consequences associated with the policy options for addressing limited resource use? Lecture 17, Wrap up