1. Mineral Resources and Resource Management Resources: raw materials taken from the environment and used by society

2. Types of mineral resources: Metallic ferrous (Fe and related metals) nonferrous (gold, copper, etc.) Non metallic structural (stone, gravel, sand…) industrial (salts, sulfur, asbestos…) Ornamental Energy (coal, uranium, oil….) Mineral resources are nonrenewable resources Renewable resources can be replenished within a few decades 2

3. Our modern technological society is very dependent on mineral resources. The average person in an industrialized nation uses about 2.3 times as much Al and 1.3 times as much Cu as the typical person did 30 years ago. We use over 20 times more Al and 16 times more Cu per person than people in developing countries. 3

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5. Metal use 5

6. U.S. Consumption Trends McKinney and Schoch 1998 Minerals 6

7. World consumption of minerals has quintupled since 1945. Some minerals have been used to build roads, buildings and durable goods, but much has gone into disposable goods. Per capita consumption of mineral resources by Americans McKinney and Schoch 1998 7

8. MINING Brazilian Iron Mine, Belo Horizonte 8

9. Utah copper mine 9

10. Australian coal mine 10

11. Overburden: soil and rock covering a mineral deposit- -normally waste material Tailings: ground up rock residue after the high-grade ore has been extracted Smelting: process of concentrating ore by heating to produce crude metals Slag: fused waste produced during removal of metal from its ore Refining: chemical purification A few definitions…. 11

12. Copper Mining and Production McKinney and Schoch 1998 12

13. A gold mine with ore processing on site 13

14.  Environmental destruction  Waste production  Onsite pollution  Offsite pollution Problems: 14

15. Onsite and offsite pollution 15

16. Onsite and offsite pollution: Tanks are needed to trap runoff or toxic solutions--leaks can happen 16

17. The Holden Mine, Wash. 17

18. Holden Copper Mine -- operated almost 20 years, closed in 1957; within US Forest Service land Produced: 212 million pounds of Copper 40 million pounds of Zinc 2 million pounds of Silver 600 thousand ounces of Gold From: 10 million tons of ore Ore shipped to ASARCO smelter, Tacoma Smelter originally for lead, converted to copper in 1915; smelter closed in 1985. Now a superfund site. 18

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21. Asarco Smelter, Tacoma 21

22. Cd 7 ppm 1 ppm Zn 5200 ppm 46 ppm 54 ppm 22

23. Kam Kotia Cu/Zn Mine, Timmins Ontario (1943-1972)

24. Acid leachate from Kam Kotia Mine (pH 2-3) Restoration of Kam Kotia mine underway using Canadian Abandoned Mine Rehabilitation Funds Est. cost of $20 million

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26. Reshaping the land and replanting after iron mining in Brazil--housing development and golf course will be built 26

27. The General Mining Act of 1872 Claimholders can buy land ($2.50-4.00 per acre). Once paid, the owner can do as they please with the land. Nevada--$20 billion in minerals for $9000 Colorado--7000ac purchased for $42,000 and resold for $37million BLM estimate: $4 billion in minerals per year free Miners can stake claims on public land and take minerals for free Mine industry: Metal mining is risky and expensive; US could become dependent on foreign supplies But coal, oil and gas pay royalties… 27

28. 28 Seattle PI, 11 Jun 2001

29. Mineral Prices Mineral prices are artificially low. Current mineral prices include only extraction costs -- not the costs of land, ore and other factors Over the last few decades, known reserves for many metals have grown as fast or faster than production. Governments have traditionally subsidized mineral production for several reasons: export currency to reduce international debt economic development national security 29

30. US stockpiles of strategic metals and metal ores. 30

31. The Global Metal Trade 31

32. Two fundamental strategies for dealing with mineral scarcity: 1. Increase supply 2. Decrease demand Mineral resources are nonrenewable resources 32

33. sources sinks 33

34. Principles of Resource Management The 3 R’s: Reduce demand (substitutions, greater efficiency) Reuse Recycle Population x Consumption x Technologic = Environmental per person impact per unit impact of (Affluence) of consumption population PxA x T = I 34

35. Metal/Mineral Resource Conservation 1. Increase supply recycle old materials -- saves on resources and in some cases, saves energy 35

36. Energy for production 36

37. Metal/Mineral Resource Conservation 1. Increase supply recycle old materials 2. Decrease demand reuse goods increase prices to reflect environmental costs find alternatives or substitutes eliminate need through technology or lifestyle changes produce durable goods Producing and buying DURABLE GOODS is an easy way to reduce demand for mineral resources 37

38. Mineral Resources High extraction costs, and not all environmental costs are included 38

39.  mineral resources are nonrenewable--they include metallic, non-metallic, ornamental and energy minerals  environmental problems associated with mining include on- and off-site pollution, environmental destruction and solid waste production  mineral prices are artificially low for a variety of reasons such as national security, economic development  resource conservation methods include recycling, substitution, eliminating demand, and producing more durable goods rather than disposable goods  the 3 R’s (reduce, reuse and recycle) can also reduce the amount of waste and environmental restoration needed due to pollution associated with resource use Key Points: 39