1. Microflares now, major flares soon H.S. Hudson Space Sciences Lab, UC Berkeley

2. Microflares now, major flares soon H.S. Hudson Space Sciences Lab, UC Berkeley Our plasma experiment, the solar corona, begins its next run

3. RAS 11 January 2008 3/~10 The solar corona as a low-beta plasma laboratory “plasma beta” = P G /P B R 1 at photosphere R 2 at top of corona

4. RAS 11 January 2008 4/~10 Every ~11 years, the plasma experiments begin anew with a fresh set of flares, each one a test of the system.

5. RAS 11 January 2008 5/~10 Every ~11 years, the plasma experiments begin anew with a fresh set of flares, each one a test of the system. This gives us 11 years to get our act together!

6. RAS 11 January 2008 6/~10 Maunder’s (Carrington’s?) “butterfly diagram”

7. RAS 11 January 2008 7/~10 Cycle 24: the next experiment begins

8. RAS 11 January 2008 8/~10 Old-cycle region New-cycle region

9. RAS 11 January 2008 9/~10 A flare/CME eruption represents a “test pulse” perturbation of the static large-scale structure of the low-beta corona.

10. RAS 11 January 2008 10/~10 A flare/CME eruption at the coronal base

11. RAS 11 January 2008 11/~10 Month-long time series (from SOHO, 2001)

12. RAS 11 January 2008 12/~10 New observations in Cycle 24 RHESSI (launch 2002): X-ray, hard X-ray, and the first  -ray imaging Hinode (launch 2006): First high-resolution observations from space STEREO (launch 2006): First stereoscopic astronomical observations

13. RAS 11 January 2008 13/~10 Hinode

14. RAS 11 January 2008 14/~10 STEREO

15. RAS 11 January 2008 15/~10 STEREO

16. RAS 11 January 2008 16/~10 What are the outstanding physical problems? How do we solve them? What drives the flare instability; how do we extract energy from the low-beta corona? How do we understand the non-thermal physics of the impulsive phase? How do large-scale shock waves form, and how do they accelerate particles?

17. RAS 11 January 2008 17/~10 Hints from RHESSI microflares* Spatial Thermal Nonthermal *cf. Hannah poster

18. RAS 11 January 2008 18/~10 Fletcher & Hudson 2008 Understanding the impulsive phase requires more than ideal MHD http://solarmuri.ssl.berkeley.edu/~hhudson/cartoons/

19. RAS 11 January 2008 19/~10 Conclusions The next solar maximum is arriving and we have excellent tools for understanding the hard problems of flare/CME occurrence As a first this time, we have stereoscopic tools and can work in 3D The solutions to the problems will involve application of “space plasma physics”, as for the aurora - the corona can serve as a Rosetta Stone to help map this knowledge into astrophysics at large