1. LATINO NATIONAL SURVEY Luis R. Fraga, Stanford University John A. Garcia, University of Arizona Rodney E. Hero, University of Notre Dame Michael Jones-Correa, Cornell University Valerie Martinez-Ebers, Texas Christian University Gary M. Segura, University of Washington

3. Latinos and the American Polity Are Latinos a distinct community of interest in American politics? Are Latinos a distinct community of interest in American politics? To what extent is this so? To what extent is this so? By what process has this come to be? By what process has this come to be? With what political and social effects? With what political and social effects? How and to what extent are Latinos integrated into mainstream society? How and to what extent are Latinos integrated into mainstream society? And do Latinos change America? And do Latinos change America? Does America change Latinos? Does America change Latinos?

4. Latino Diversity, in America and in the LNS  Census Bureau (American Community Survey, Released August 2006) Mexican 63.9%Mexican 63.9% Puerto Rican 9%Puerto Rican 9% Cuban 3.5%Cuban 3.5% Salvadoran 2.9%Salvadoran 2.9% Dominican 2.7%Dominican 2.7% Guatemalan 1.7%Guatemalan 1.7% Colombian 1.8%Colombian 1.8% ALL OTHERS 14.3%ALL OTHERS 14.3% Native-born (not Island-born): 56.4%Native-born (not Island-born): 56.4% Foreign-born (40% includes children)Foreign-born (40% includes children) Island-born (3.6% Puerto Rican)Island-born (3.6% Puerto Rican) No high school diploma 43%No high school diploma 43% College graduate 11.1%College graduate 11.1%  Latino National Survey (unweighted N) MexicanMexican Puerto RicanPuerto Rican CubanCuban SalvadoranSalvadoran DominicanDominican GuatemalanGuatemalan ColombianColombian ALL OTHERSALL OTHERS Native-bornNative-born Foreign-born (adults)Foreign-born (adults) Island-born (Puerto Rican)Island-born (Puerto Rican) No high school diplomaNo high school diploma College graduateCollege graduate

5. What We Did  A “national” telephone survey of 8600 Latino residents of the United States, seeking a broad understanding of the qualitative nature of Latino political and social life in America  Approximately 40 minutes (length and number of questions depends on split- samples, etc)  English and Spanish Universe is all Latinos, not citizens or voters.

6. Stratified Structure  The survey is stratified, that is, creates stand-alone samples in 15 states and the DC Metro area allowing us to speak to specific political contexts Arizona400 Arizona400 Arkansas400 Arkansas400 California1200 California1200 Colorado400 Colorado400 DC-SMSA400 DC-SMSA400 Florida800 Florida800 Georgia400 Georgia400 Illinois600 Illinois600 Iowa400 Iowa400 Nevada400 Nevada400 New Jersey400 New Jersey400 New Mexico400 New Mexico400 New York800 New York800 North Carolina400 North Carolina400 Texas800 Texas800 Washington400 Washington400

7. Latino National Contextual Database  Include census, economic and demographic data: Income, education, residential segregation, foreign-born population, national-origin group, citizenship status etc. at state, community, political boundary, bloc and tract levels Income, education, residential segregation, foreign-born population, national-origin group, citizenship status etc. at state, community, political boundary, bloc and tract levels  Include political data: Representation by gender, ethnicity, and party Representation by gender, ethnicity, and party Aggregate political data, including party distribution, voter registration and turnout Aggregate political data, including party distribution, voter registration and turnout VRA Section 5 covered jurisdiction VRA Section 5 covered jurisdiction  Include education data: Per pupil expenditure Per pupil expenditure Percent of LEP students Percent of LEP students Bilingual Instruction/English Immersion practices Bilingual Instruction/English Immersion practices Latinos as a share of total school enrollment Latinos as a share of total school enrollment Racial and ethnic composition of school boards Racial and ethnic composition of school boards

8. Themes within the Survey  Survey includes…many of the questions or topics you have grown to love from existing surveys, whenever possible to ensure comparability; Questions submitted by various political scientists specifically targeted at states; Questions submitted by various political scientists specifically targeted at states; Questions suggested by the advisory board; Questions suggested by the advisory board;  Beyond the standard, we focused on transnationalism, identity, inter-group and intra-group relations, gender, education, policy preferences, discrimination, mobilization and overall political orientations;  Some questions specific to foreign born, non-citizens, registered voters, and residents of specific states.

9. Latino National Contextual Database Census demographic neighborhood data: Census demographic neighborhood data: Income, education, residential segregation, foreign-born population, national-origin group, citizenship status etc. at state, community, political boundary, bloc and tract levels Income, education, residential segregation, foreign-born population, national-origin group, citizenship status etc. at state, community, political boundary, bloc and tract levels Political jurisdiction data: Political jurisdiction data: Representation by gender, ethnicity, and party Representation by gender, ethnicity, and party Aggregate political data, including party distribution, voter registration and turnout Aggregate political data, including party distribution, voter registration and turnout VRA Section 5 covered jurisdiction VRA Section 5 covered jurisdiction School district data: School district data: Per pupil expenditure Per pupil expenditure Percent of ELL students Percent of ELL students Bilingual Instruction/English Immersion practices Bilingual Instruction/English Immersion practices Latinos as a share of total school enrollment Latinos as a share of total school enrollment Racial and ethnic composition of school boards Racial and ethnic composition of school boards

10. Sources of Funding Annie E. Casey Foundation Annie E. Casey Foundation Carnegie Corporation Carnegie Corporation Ford Foundation Ford Foundation Hewlett Foundation Hewlett Foundation Irvine Foundation Irvine Foundation Joyce Foundation Joyce Foundation Kellogg Foundation Kellogg Foundation National Science Foundation National Science Foundation Russell Sage Foundation Russell Sage Foundation Texas A&M University: MALRC, PERG Texas A&M University: MALRC, PERG

11. The Miracles of Sample Size Usable sub-samples for  National origin groups (7)  Stand-alone State Analysis: 15 states + DC Metro 15 states + DC Metro  Generations 5704 Foreign born 5704 Foreign born 936 US-born to FB parents 936 US-born to FB parents 892 US-born to at least one US born parent 892 US-born to at least one US born parent 1023 US-born citizens of at least one US grandparent 1023 US-born citizens of at least one US grandparent Includes 443 Island born Puerto Ricans andIncludes 443 Island born Puerto Ricans and 580 4 th generation US mainland born580 4 th generation US mainland born  Sample Strata  Before and after Immigration Marches  Mexican State Analysis : 12 Mexican states with N’s greater than 100 respondents (1 200+, 2 300+, 2 400+): Add states Add states

12. Unique Sub-Samples Available  841 Senior Citizens (65+)  1035 Union Members  997 with household incomes above $65k  1379 College graduates, 573 of which have advanced degrees  964 self-identified Republicans and 1424 Independents  71% Catholic, but 224 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 339 Pentecostals, 177 Southern Baptists, etc.  2671 (31%) report that they or a close family member served in the military Numbers reported are un-weighted Ns

13. Conceptual Framework  False dichotomy of Latinoness and Americanness Single dimension with each at one extreme Single dimension with each at one extreme  Latino identity is an American identity “Latino” socially constructed in the U.S. “Latino” socially constructed in the U.S. “American” idealized identity also socially constructed in the U.S. “American” idealized identity also socially constructed in the U.S.  Both dimensions necessary to understand Latinos in American politics

14. Latino Identity in the United States Americanness Americanness LowHigh Latinoness High Cultural Nationalism Cultural Pluralism Low Particularistic various forms Melting pot

15. Contemporary Latinoness in the U.S.  1989 LNPS: national origin preference clear  Increasing immigration in the U.S.  Continued prevalence of Mexican-origin among Latinos  Expect persistence of national-origin as principal self-identifier

16. LNS 2006 PANETHNIC HISPANIC/LATINO IDENTIFICATION PANETHNIC HISPANIC/LATINO IDENTIFICATION 100% INCREASE 100% INCREASE RACIAL IDENTIFICATION RACIAL IDENTIFICATION MORE COMPLEX THAN PREVIOUSLY UNDERSTOOD MORE COMPLEX THAN PREVIOUSLY UNDERSTOOD INTERGROUP RELATIONS INTERGROUP RELATIONS STRONG SENTIMENTS OF COMMONALITY AND LINKED FATE WITH AFRICAN AMERICANS STRONG SENTIMENTS OF COMMONALITY AND LINKED FATE WITH AFRICAN AMERICANS

17. Strength of identity by group Americanness National Origin Hispanic/ Latino Mexican61.784.087.4 Cuban77.882.181.6 Puerto Rican 83.790.789.3 All65.084.087.2 Cells are percent expressing “somewhat” or “very strongly”

18. Forced choice: when forced to select a single identity American National Origin Pan-Ethnic Mexican16.138.939.0 Cuban27.736.826.7 Puerto Rican 21.243.927.9 All17.038.538.0 Cells are percent of group choosing that identity

19. Surprisingly high sense of pan-ethnicity Very Strong 62.8 Somewhat24.5 Not very strong 6.1 Not at all 3.6

20. Latin Linked Fate Individual & Group-based Perception Mex ind Mex group Cuban ind Cuban group PR ind PR group Nothing14.37.118.413.422.111.3 Little15.313.211.98.615.314.1 Some24.625.820.522.221.728.5 A Lot 39.246.836.343.734.138.5 How much does your “doing well” depend on other Latinos/Hispanics also doing well? How much does [ethnic subgroup] “doing well” depend on how other Hispanics or Latinos also doing well?

21. Extent of Commonality among Latinos regarding Jobs, Education and Income Attainment with African Americans and Whites Latinos in National Latino Survey Commonality with African Americans Commonality with Whites Nativity Some/ A lot Native Born (2408) 1 67.9%56.1% Foreign-born 2 (5704) 45.945.1 Latino Sub-Groups Colombians (139) 46.853.2 Cubans (419) 51.355.4 Dominicans (335) 53.743.6 El Salvadorans (406) 48.845.1 Guatemalans (149) 40.943.6 Mexicans (5690) 51.047.2 Puerto Ricans (759) 65.554.2 1 The numbers in the parentheses represent the number of respondents in that category 2 The operational definition for the foreign-born includes all persons born outside the U.S., including being born in Puerto Rico.

22. Extent of Commonality among Latinos regarding their political situation with African Americans and Whites Latinos in National Latino Survey Commonality with African Americans Commonality with Whites Nativity Some/ A lot Native Born (2408) 1 62.8%48.7% Foreign-born 2 (5704) 43.464.1 Latino Sub-Groups Colombians (139) 49.641.7 Cubans (419) 51.349.9 Dominicans (335) 52.843.3 El Salvadorans (406) 45.340.9 Guatemalans (149) 40.939.6 Mexicans (5690) 46.942.6 Puerto Ricans (759) 60.647.7 1 The numbers in the parentheses represent the number of respondents in that category 2 The operational definition for the foreign-born includes all persons born outside the U.S., including being born in Puerto Rico.

23. How much does Latinos doing well depend on African Americans doing well Latinos in National Latino Survey Linked Fate with African Americans Nativity Some/ A lot Native Born (2408) 1 53.4% Foreign-born 2 (5704) 67.0 Latino Sub-Groups Colombians (139) 66.9 Cubans (419) 61.3 Dominicans (335) 72.2 El Salvadorans (406) 68.2 Guatemalans (149) 64.4 Mexicans (5690) 62.4 Puerto Ricans (759) 61.8 1 The numbers in the parentheses represent the number of respondents in that category 2 The operational definition for the foreign-born includes all persons born outside the U.S., including being born in Puerto Rico.

24.  Self-identification Distribution: 66.1% some other race 24.0% white.8% black.8% black  Fully 51% of respondents say Latino/Hispanic is a different race!  But… race isn’t the same as skin tone. Racial Identification

25. Determinants of Racial Self-identification  Racial identification doesn’t obviously vary by citizenship or generation in US.  Looking at national origin and state, Cubans (and Florida) are outliers (25 percentage point difference with six other major Latino ethnic groups). As previously documented, Cuban Americans are more likely than other Latinos to self-identify as white. As previously documented, Cuban Americans are more likely than other Latinos to self-identify as white.  But…. Even Cuban response is a big shift from LNPS in 1989. Cuban Distributionwhiteother 198992.5 3.8 200651.142.7

26.  Plurality Answer in the mid-range of dark to light. Majority answered 4 or 5, i.e. light.  Cuban Responses for skin-tone not significantly different from other groups: 8.1 % answering ‘dark’ or ‘very dark,’ compared to 10% of other groups. 8.1 % answering ‘dark’ or ‘very dark,’ compared to 10% of other groups.  Skin-tone not obviously correlated to outcomes in employment, home ownership, education, income, thinking of self as American, experience of crime, or intermarriage.  Most importantly, skin-tone not closely correlated with self-reported racial identification. Skin-tone and its effects

27. Implications Preliminary findings challenge previous research Preliminary findings challenge previous research Empirical observations distinct Empirical observations distinct Theories must be reexamined Theories must be reexamined Dimensions of community Dimensions of community How is it manifested? How is it manifested? Which factors drive sense of community Which factors drive sense of community Implications for American politics Implications for American politics Effects of community sentiment on the development of the Latino future Effects of community sentiment on the development of the Latino future Effects of Latino community sentiment on American politics Effects of Latino community sentiment on American politics

28. Public Release of Data Set  Questionnaire available in the Fall of 2006 at the University of Washington Institute for the Study of Ethnicity, Race, and Sexuality (WISER) at http://depts.washington.edu/uwiser  Release to Advisory Board in Spring 2007  Conference for Assistant Professors and Graduate Students in AY 2007-8 selected from a call for papers to be issued Summer 07  Release to general political science public at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association