1. ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION
EKT 314/4
Chapter 1
Introduction to EI
Zahari Awang Ahmad

2. Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation
In this Chapter, we will cover the introduction to Electronic Instrumentation which include the following :
Definition
Measurement
Analysis
Direct Analysis.
Statistical Analysis.
Instrumentation Element
Application Field
Review

3. Definition of Electronic Instrumentation
Instrumentation is the branch of engineering that deals with measurement and control.
Instrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control.[1]
It serves not only sciences but all branches of engineering, medicine, and almost every human endeavor.
Electronics Instrumentation is the application of measurement technology in electronic-related field.
[1]

4. Related Definition Instrument Measurement Accuracy
A device or mechanism used to determine the present value of the quantity under measurement.
The process of determining the amount,
degree, or capacity by comparison (direct or indirect) with
the accepted standards of the system units being used.
The degree of exactness (closeness) of a
measurement compared to the expected (desired) value

5. Related Definition Resolution
Precision
Expected value
The smallest change in a measured variable to which an instrument will respond.
Precision A measure of the consistency or repeatability of
measurements, i.e. successive reading do not differ. (Precision
is the consistency of the instrument output for a given value of input).
The design value, i.e. the most probable value that calculations indicate one should expect to measure.

6. Related Definition Error Sensitivity
The deviation of the true value from the desired value.
The ratio of the change in output (response) of the instrument to a change of input or measured variable.

7. Measurement
 The process of comparing an unknown quantity with an accepted standard quantity.
 The process of determining the amount, degree, or capacity
by comparison (direct or indirect) with the accepted
standards of the system units being used.

8. Measurand
Vector representing a change in position of a body or a point with respect to a reference.
Relative deformation of elastic, plastic, and fluid materials under applied forces.
Oscillatory motion which can be described in term of amplitude (size), frequency (rate of oscillation) and phase (timing of the oscillation relative to fixed time)
Displacement
Strain
Vibration

9. Measurand
Pressure
Flow
Temperature
Force
Ratio of force commonly acting on a surface to the area of the surface.
Stream of molten or liquidified material that can be measured in term of speed and quantity
Measure of relative warmth or coolness of an object compared to absolute value.
Defined as a quantity that changes the motion, size, or shape of a body.

10. Measurand
Torque
Defined as the tendency of a force to rotate the body to which it is applied.

11. Unit
 International System of Units (abbreviated SI from the French le Système international d'unités)
 It is the world's most widely used system of measurement, both in everyday commerce and in science.
 The SI was developed in 1960 from the old metre-kilogram-
second system.

12. Base Unit Length Meter (m) Mass Kilogram (kg) Time Second (s)
Electric current
Temperature
Luminous intensity
Amount of substance
Meter (m)
Kilogram (kg)
Second (s)
Ampere (A)
Kelvin (K)
Candela (cd)
Mole (mol)

13. Derivative Unit  Electric charge – coulomb (C)
 Electric potential difference – volt (V)
 Electric resistance – ohm (Ω)
 Electric capacitance – farad (F)
 Electric inductance – henry (H)
 Energy – joule (J)
 Force – newton (N)
 Magnetic flux – weber (Wb)
 Power – watt (W)

14. Direct Analysis - Terminology
Error is the degree to which a measurement nears the expected value. It can be expressed as:
 Absolute error
 Percentage of error
Percentage of error
Accuracy can be calculated based on error.

15. Direct Analysis - Formula

16. Direct Analysis - Formula

20. SOLUTION

21. Repeatability -The ability of a weighing instrument to display corresponding results under constant testing conditions, when the same load is repeatedly placed onto the weighing pan in the same manner. In general, the difference between the largest and the smallest result is used to specify this quantity. 
Reproduceability See previous term: Repeatability. 
Resolution- A term that has not yet been precisely standardized. It is commonly used for the quotient of the maximum capacity and the readability ("a resolution of steps or digits"), or for the readability ("a resolution of  0.1g"). 
Standard -  Material measure, measuring instrument, reference material or measuring system intended to define, realize, conserve or reproduce a unit. In weighing technology, these are primarily weights that are used as mass standards. The standards with the highest accuracy are called primary standards or prototypes. 
Standard deviation -  A mathematic quantity for evaluating a weighing instrument (or a sequence of measurements) in terms of repeatability:
The standard deviation "s" is defined as: where: n = number of the individual results. To determine the standard deviation with sufficient certainty, the number of measurements must be high enough (at least 6).
Traceability -  The property of a result of measurement whereby this result must be related to a national or international standard, through an unbroken chain of documented comparisons. 
Uncertainty (of  measurement) -The uncertainty of measurement "u" specifies the range for a measured value, within which the unknown, error-free result lies, usually with a statistical certainty of 95%. (This corresponds to u=2s, see also the chapter "errors").
Verification -Verification comprises the metrological tests to be performed in accordance with the legal verification requirements and subsequent marking (stamping). The marking certifies that the weighing instrument, at the time of testing, met the legal verification requirements. Verification is carried out by the local verification officer who is responsible for metrological testing and approval. Since 1993, verification of a weighing instrument  for use as a legal measuring instrument can also be obtained through manufacturers with an approved quality assurance system. 

25. the purpose of the repeatability and reproducibility procedures is to allow the quality control engineer to assess the precision of the measurement system (gages) used in the quality control process. Obviously, if the measurement system is not repeatable (large variability across trials) or reproducible (large variability across operators) relative to the variability between parts, then the measurement system is not sufficiently precise to be used in the quality control efforts. For example, it should not be used in charts produced via Quality Control, or product capability analyses and acceptance sampling procedures via Process Analysis.
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