1. National-Income Accounting
Chapter 5

2. Chapter Overview Part 2: Measuring Macro Outcomes:
5. National-Income Accounting:
6. Unemployment
7. Inflation

3. Chapter Overview 5. National-Income Accounting:
1. Measures of Output (Review of GDP, +…).
2. The Uses of Output
(Review: GDP = C+I+G+(X-M)).
3. Measures of Income.

4. Measures of
Output
(Review of GDP).

5. Measures of Output National-income accounting:
the measurement of aggregate economic activity,
particularly national income and its components.
These are Macroeconomic measures.
Why are economists interested in these measures? …

6. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
is the total dollar value of final output produced within a nation’s borders in a given time period.
LO1

7. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Each good and service produced and brought to market has a price.
That price serves as a measure of value for calculating total output.
LO1

8. GDP Versus GNP GDP: geographically focused,
includes all output produced within a nation’s borders, …
regardless of whose factors of production are used to produce it (foreign or domestic).
LO1

9. GNP is dead I say! - It’s over!
GDP Versus GNP
GNP - Gross National Product :
the old standard of measure,
refers to output produced by American-owned factors, regardless of location
GDP is the new standard of measure since 1992.
GNP is dead I say! - It’s over!
LO1

10. International Comparisons
The geographic focus of GDP facilitates international comparisons of economic activity.
LO1

11. GDP per Capita REVIEW: GDP per capita:
total GDP divided by total population (average GDP).
commonly used as a measure of a country’s standard of living.

12. World GDP per Capita

13. GDP per Capita However:
Measures of per capita GDP tell us nothing about the way GDP is actually distributed or used,
It is only a statistical average.

14. Measurement Problems
The methods of calculating GDP create several problems:
Non-market activities.
Unreported income.
Value added (double counting).
Price fluctuations (real vs. nominal).

15. Non-Market Activities

16. Non-Market Activities
GDP measures exclude most goods and services produced that are not sold in the market.
This causes GDP to be understated.
Exclusion of non-market activities causes problems when:
comparing living standards over time,
or between countries.
LO1

17. Unreported Income

18. Unreported Income
The GDP statistics fail to capture market activities that are not reported to tax or census authorities.
The underground economy is motivated by tax avoidance or to conceal illegal activities.
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19. Value Added

20. Value Added
The production of most goods and services involves a series of stages.
To accurately measure GDP we must distinguish between two types of goods:
intermediate goods, and…
final goods.
This avoids what in the accounting field is known as “double counting.”
LO1

21. Value Added in Various Stages of Production
(Pg. 91)
LO1

22. Value Added Intermediate goods: Value added:
goods or services purchased for use as inputs in the production of final goods or services.
Value added:
the increase in the market value of a product that takes place at each stage of the production process.
LO1

23. Two Ways to Calculate GDP
1. Compute the value of the final output.
2. Count only the value added at each stage of production.
LO2

24. Value added Stages of Production Transaction Value Value Added
1. Logger produces logs for
the sawmill:
$500
$500
2. Sawmill produces lumber
for the furniture factory:
$1,200
$700
3. Furniture factory produces
furniture for the Store:
$5,000
$3,800
4. Store sells furniture to the
Public:
$7,500
$2,500
Total Value of Transactions:
$14,200
$7,500

25. Real Versus Nominal GDP

26. Computing Real GDP Inflation:
the increase in the average level of prices of goods and services.
Inflation distorts comparisons of GDP over time.
Nominal vs. Real GDP -
accounting for inflation.

27. Real Versus Nominal GDP
the value of final output produced in a given period, measured in the prices of that period (current prices).
Real GDP:
the value of final output produced in a given period, adjusted for changing prices.
***Why Hidden = Redundant with previous slide as adjusted.

28. Computing Real GDP
A base period is picked to be the time period used for comparative analysis.
It is the basis for the indexing of price changes.

29. Computing Real GDP

30. Computing Real GDP The general formula for computing real GDP is:
(2005 prices)

31. Computing Real GDP

32. Computing Real GDP
(Pg. 92)
Base year
Index value =
103.3

33. Changes in GDP: Nominal Versus Real

34. Nominal to Real GDP Year GDP Deflator
Nominal GDP
(Billions $)
Nom. Change
(Billions $)
Real GDP
(Billions $)
351
432
470
521
531
573
609
609
646
Real Change
(Billions $)

35. Chain-Weighted Price Adjustments
Chain-weighted indices use a moving average of price levels in consecutive years as an inflation adjustment.
You won’t be tested on chain-weighted indices.
LO3

36. Net Domestic Product (NDP)
Now let’s make an ADJUSTMENT to GDP:
LO3

37. Net Domestic Product (NDP)
Example situation:
You produce
You’ve got
– $1,000 ↑
Wore out
Produced→
$10,000
(GDP)
LO3

38. Net Domestic Product (NDP)
We can’t produce as much output next year unless…
… we replace the capital we use-up this year.
Depreciation:
- the consumption of capital in the production process.
(the wearing out of plant and equipment).
LO3

39. Net Domestic Product (NDP)
GDP:
Total output.
NDP:
Total output after subtracting the value of capital stock used up.
LO3

40. Net Domestic Product (NDP)
Depreciation
Depreciation
GDP
GDP
NDP
Depreciation
Depreciation
New
Capital Stock
Old
Capital Stock

41. Net Domestic Product (NDP)
Net Domestic Product is what we’ve produced (GDP), minus the capital we’ve worn out (depreciation).
The amount of output we (C+G) could consume without reducing our stock of capital.
NDP = GDP – depreciation
LO3

42. Net Domestic Product GDP NDP GDP Capital Stock Old Capital Stock
Depreciation
Depreciation
GDP
NDP
GDP
Depreciation
Depreciation
Capital Stock
Old
Capital Stock

43. Gross vs. Net Investment
production of new plant, equipment, and structures (capital),…
…plus changes in business inventories,
…and new residential construction.
LO3

44. Gross vs. Net Investment
The difference between GDP and NDP is mirrored by the difference between gross investment and net investment:
Gross investment:
- total investment expenditure in a given time period.
Net investment:
= gross investment – depreciation
LO3

45. Net Investment Total capital stock has increased Dep. I G
Gross
Investment I G
The change in our capital stock
GDP
(positive)
NDP
Net Investment
Gross
Investment C
Gross
Investment
Depreciation
Depreciation
New Capital Stock
Old Capital Stock

46. Total capital stock has decreased
Net Investment C G I
Gross
Investment
Depreciation
Gross Inv.
Total capital stock has decreased G
GDP
NDP
Net Investment C
Depreciation
Depreciation
Depreciation
Gross Inv.
(negative)
Capital Stock

47. Negative Net Investment
The stock of capital — the total collection of plant and equipment — will not grow unless gross investment exceeds depreciation.
(***Positive net investment***)
LO3

48. 2. The Uses
of Output
( Re: C+I+G+(X-M) )

49. The Uses of Output
The 4 major uses of total output parallel the four sets of market participants:
Households – consumption (C) = 70%
Business Firms – investment (I) = 17%
Government – gov’t spending (G) = 20%
Foreigners - net exports (X-M) = –7%

50. Consumption Consumption goods:
goods and services used by households are called
Consumer spending claims over two-thirds of our annual output.

51. -New Residential Construction.
Investment
Investment goods:
plant, machinery, equipment.
Also includes:
net inventory changes, and …
-New Residential Construction.

52. Government Spending
Resources purchased by the government sector are unavailable for consumption or investment purposes.
Government spending on goods and services (excludes income transfers) claims about one-fifth of our annual output.

53. Net Exports
Net exports are the value of exports minus the value of imports.
Exports are goods and services sold to foreign buyers.
Imports are goods and services purchased from foreign sources.

54. GDP Components
The value of GDP can be computed by adding up expenditures of market participants:
GDP = C + I + G + (X – M)
Where:
C = Consumption expenditure
I = investment expenditure
G = government expenditure
X = exports
M = imports

55. 3. Measures of Income.

56. Measures of Income GDP accounts have two sides.
Expenditures – the demand side.
Income – the supply side.
LO2

57. Measures of Income Income = Output …so… Income = GDP
By charting the flow of income through the economy, we see FOR WHOM our output is produced.
LO2

58. The Circular Flow (pg. 44) Product Goods and services markets demanded
Consumers
Business
Firms
Product
markets
Factor
Goods and services
demanded
Goods and services
supplied
Factors of
production supplied
Factors of
production demanded

59. Income = Output Factor market Product market VALUE OF OUTPUT
(Pg. 97)
VALUE OF OUTPUT
VALUE OF INCOME
Factor market
Product market
Consumer spending
Wages
Investment spending
Profits
Taxes
Government spending
Interest
Net exports
Rent
Depreciation
Allowances
LO2

60. The Equivalence of Expenditure and Income (2006 data in billions of dollars) (Pg. 98)
LO2

61. Measures of Income
Economists break down the nation’s production into various measures of income:
GDP gross domestic product
NDP net domestic product
NI national income
PI personal income
DI disposable income
C consumption
S savings
And don’t forget:
Net investment = gross investment - depreciation
LO2

62. Depreciation & Net Domestic Product
Depreciation charges reduce GDP to the level of NDP (Net Domestic Product) before any income is available to current factors of production.
NDP = GDP – depreciation
LO3

63. Depreciation & Net Domestic Product
NDP = GDP – depreciation
LO3

64. National Income (NI) National income (NI):
total income earned by current, domestically- owned factors of production.
Wages, interest, and profits paid to foreigners are not part of U.S. income.
They need to be subtracted from the income flow.
Incomes earned by U.S. citizens in other nations represents an inflow of income to U.S. households and are added.
This + & - is known as net foreign factor income.
LO3

65. National Income (NI) Net foreign factor income =
+ Foreign wages earned by Americans
– American wages paid to foreigners
NI = NDP + net foreign factor income
LO3

66. Personal Income (PI) Personal income (PI):
the income received by HOUSEHOLDS before payment of personal taxes.
Personal income (PI) = National income (NI),
– indirect bus. taxes,
– corporate taxes,
– retained earnings,
– Social Security taxes,
+ transfer payments,
+ net interest.
LO3

67. Personal Income (PI) Indirect Business Taxes:
When goods are sold in the marketplace, their purchase price is typically encumbered with some sort of sales tax.
LO3

68. Personal Income (PI) Corporate taxes and retained earnings:
These are taken out of corporate profits,
Therefore, they are not received by households.
They must be subtracted from national income.
Social security taxes are also subtracted.
Transfer payments and net interest are added.
LO3

69. Disposable Income Disposable income (DI):
the after-tax income of households.
It is PI minus personal (income) taxes.
It’s what’s left at the end for you and I to spend.
Disposable income = personal income
– personal taxes
LO3

70. Measures of Income
Economists break down the nation’s production into various measures of income:
GDP gross domestic product
NDP net domestic product
NI national income
PI personal income
DI disposable income
LO2

71. Disposable income = Consumption + Saving
All disposable income is either:
consumed, or …
saved.
Saving:
disposable income less consumption;
(that part of disposable income not spent on current consumption).
Disposable income = Consumption + Saving
LO3

72. The Flow of Income, 2006
(Pg. 99)
LO3

73. The Flow of Income

74. Problem 1
GDP
GDP
GDP PI
DEP?
NDP PI
GDP
GDP PI DI PI PI NI PI

75. Problem 2
GDP
GDP
GDP PI
DEP?
NDP PI
GDP
GDP PI DI PI PI PI NI

76. The Flow of Income
LO2

77. The Flow of Income
The dollar value of output will always equal the dollar value of income.
LO2

78. The Flow of Income
Total income (GDP) ends up distributed in the following way:
To households:
in the form of disposable income.
To businesses:
in the form of retained earnings and depreciation allowances.
To government:
in the form of taxes.
LO2

79. Income and Expenditure
The flow of income that starts with GDP ultimately returns to the market in the form of:
new consumption (C),
investment (I), and …
government purchases (G).
LO2

80. Circular Flow of Spending and Income
(Pg. 101)
LO2

81. Chapter Questions
1. The manuscript for this book was typed by a friend. Had I hired a secretary to do the same job, GDP would have been higher, even though the amount of output would have been identical. Why is this? Does this make sense?

82. Chapter Questions
2. GDP I 1981 was $2.96 trillion. It grew to $3.07 trillion in 1982, yet the quantity of output actually decreased. How is this possible?

83. Chapter Questions
3. If gross investment is not large enough to replace the capital that depreciates in a particular year, is net investment greater or less than zero? What happens to our production possibilities?

84. Chapter Questions
6. What jobs are likely part of the underground economy? 7. How might the quality of life be adversely affected by an increase in GDP?

85. National-Income Accounting
End of Chapter 5