1. The effective teacher’s characteristics as perceived by students by Charles Bélanger (Canada) Bernard Longden (U.K.)

2. How will we do this?

3. The plan

4. A few questions What are the ingredients used to define a teacher’s effectiveness? Why are some teachers more effective at engaging the attention of students? Is there a gap between students’ expectations and actual delivery of teaching?

5. Studies find that society expects… Think critically Solve complex problems Act in a principled manner Be dependable Read, write, and speak effectively Have respect for others Adapt to change Engage in life-long learning

6. Main purposes of study 1.Find out most desired attributes to effectively communicate knowledge and skills…as perceived by European students 2.Measure the gap between expectations and experiences

7. Various descriptions of effectiveness Facilitating student educational objectives Enthusiastic, charismatic, expressive Strong communications skills Comfortable learning atmosphere Fostering student motivation Showing care for students’ learning Good course organisation

8. Training on how to study “Only 14% of students say they had been formally taught how to study, in high school or in college”

9. Two teaching frameworks Teacher-focused: content –oriented and correct information Student-focused: learning-oriented and conceptual change Significant differences between what teachers and students think as important

10. Attention is drifting after 10-20 minutes

11. INVOLVEMENT “Strong relationship between students’ active involvement and effective learning” “Between 70% and 90% of professors use the traditional lecture as their primary instructional strategy” “Only 17% of faculty use essay tests as opposed to recall answers”

12. Methodology Development of a test instrument Personality characteristics-bipolar Classroom environment-Likert Teaching style-Likert Expected and experienced templates Secure website Use of EAIR members

13. Responses 1883 responses 10 European countries 53% females, 47% males 82% undergraduates 87% in science and professions 78% ≤ 25 years of age 16% from groups >100 students 18% from groups >50 and <100

14. Data treatment Factor analysis  Reduce the number of variables  Cluster the interdependent variables Analysis of variance  Verify effects of other elements (program level and type, gender) Paired t-test  Check differences between expected and experienced

15. Personality Characteristics (Scale: 7.0) CharacteristicsExpectedExperiencedDifference Inspiring6.443.9735% Open-minded6.094.2926% Approachable6.264.5325% Enthusiastic5.944.2524% ………….……………… Rational6.024.9615% Confident6.004.9815% Assertive5.434.5612% Mean5.824.4120%

16. Classroom Characteristics (Scale: 5.0) CharacteristicsExpectedExperiencedDifference Enjoy Teaching4.383.0826% Learning Env.4.663.4225% Clear requirem.4.393.1724% Concerned4.062.9622% ……….……………… Control discuss.4.003.3114% Knowledgeable4.273.6812% Mean4.303.2820%

17. Teaching Styles & Skills (Scale: 5.0) CharacteristicsExpectedExperiencedDiff. Explains clearly4.673.2928% Interesting presentation4.393.0227% Adapts to needs4.192.9625% Generates interest4.383.1125% ………….……………… Class level teaching3.943.2614% Ends class on time3.403.450% Mean4.303.2521%

18. Students’ Attributes (Anova) Program level had an effect (p<.05 to p<.001) Program type had an effect (p<.05 to p<.001) Gender had an effect (p<.05 to p<.001)

19. Expected vs. Experienced (Paired t-test) Significant on all 51 items (p<.001) Average differential of 20% Range of differential: from 0% to 35%

20. Expectations from teachers by students Enthusiasm for ideas & subject matters Empathy towards them as persons Strong knowledgeable classroom manager Open-learning agora No fear of reprisal Inclusive, tolerant, and respectful Effective communication Connections with real life

21. So many expectations!!!

22. Some Conclusions Students are essential protagonists Students want to be partners in learning Teachers are best to judge: Subject matter Class objectives Grading standards Students are best to judge: Clarity of communication Openness, approachability, enthusiasm Empathy

23. Lest we forget The act of teaching is complex Students’ perceptions are essential part of teaching evaluation …but should not be synonymous with faculty evaluation