1. Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan
CSC 330 E-Commerce
Teacher
Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan
GM-IT CIIT Islamabad
Virtual Campus, CIIT
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
T1-Lecture-3

2. The Internet and The Web Chapter-2 Part-I T1-Lecture-3
For Lecture Material/Slides Thanks to:
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

3. Objectives Define the origin and evolution of the Internet.
Identify the key technology concepts behind the internet
Describe the role of Internet protocols and utility programs
Explain the current structure of Internet.
Understand the limitations of todays internet
Describe the potential capabilities of Internet II
Understand how the world wide web works
Describe how internet and web features and services support e-commerce.
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

4. The Internet: Technology Background
Interconnected network of thousands of networks and millions of computers
Links businesses, educational institutions, government agencies, and individuals
World Wide Web (Web)
One of the Internet’s most popular services
Provides access to around billions, possibly trillions, of Web pages
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

5. The Evolution of the Internet 1961 - Present
Innovation Phase,
Institutionalization Phase,
Commercialization Phase, present
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

6. The Evolution of the Internet 1964 - 1974
Innovation Phase: ( )
The basic building blocks were introduced such as; packet-switching hardware, client/server computing, and a communications protocol called TCP/IP
The original purpose of the Internet, was to link large mainframe computers on different university/college campuses.
This kind of one-to-one communication between campuses was previously possible only through the telephone system or postal mail.
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

7. The Evolution of the Internet 1975 -1994
Institutionalization Phase: ( )
Large institutions such as the US Department of Defense (DoD) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) provided funding to legitimate for the fledging invention called the Internet.
DoD contributed $1 million to further develop the network into a robust military communications system so that it could withstand during nuclear war.
In 1986, the NSF assumed responsibility for the development of a civilian Internet (NSFNET) and began a ten-year-long $200 million expansion program.
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

8. The Evolution of the Internet (1995- Present)
Commercialization Phase: (1995 – present)
Government agencies encouraged private corporations to take over and expand both the Internet backbone and local services to ordinary citizens who were not students.
By 2000, the Internet’s use had expanded well beyond military installations and research universities and came into the public domain.
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

9. An instance of internet - active nodes
Source:
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

10. The Internet: Key Technology Concepts
Network as Defined by NSF:
Uses IP addressing
Supports TCP/IP
Provides services to users, in manner similar to telephone system
Three important concepts:
Packet switching
TCP/IP communications protocol
Client/server computing
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

11. Packet Switching Packet Switching:
Slices digital messages into packets
Sends packets along different communication paths as they become available
Reassembles packets once they arrive at destination
Uses routers
Special purpose computers that interconnect the computer networks make up the Internet and route packets.
Routing algorithms ensure packets take the best available path toward their destination.
Less expensive, wasteful than circuit-switching.
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

12. Packet Switching Packet Switching Demo
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

13. Key Concept Related to TCP/IP
Protocol
A set of rules and standards for data transfer
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) the core communications protocol for the Internet
TCP
Protocol that establishes the connections among sending and receiving Web computers and handles the assembly of packets at the point of transmission, and their reassembly at the receiving end IP
protocol that provides the Internet’s addressing scheme and is responsible for the actual delivery of the packets
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

14. TCP/IP Internet Protocol (IP):
Provides the Internet’s addressing scheme.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
Establishes connections between sending and receiving Web computers
Handles assembly of packets at point of transmission, and reassembly at receiving end
Four TCP/IP Layers (hourglass model)
Network Interface Layer
Internet Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

15. The TCP/IP Architecture and Protocol Suite
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

16. Key Concept Related to TCP/IP
Network Interface Layer:
Responsible for placing packets on, and receiving them from, the network medium.
Internet Layer
Responsible for addressing, packaging, and routing messages on the Internet
Transport Layer
Responsible for providing communication with the application by acknowledging and sequencing the packets to and from the application
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

17. Key Concept Related to TCP/IP
Application Layer
Provides a wide variety of applications (HTTP, FTP, SMTP ) with the ability to access the services of the lower layers of TCP/IP.
Internet address
Internet address expressed a unique number that appears as a series numbers separated with periods, such as carrying the address of an individual machine on the internet.
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

18. Internet (IP) Addresses
How 500 million people will be addressed?
The answer is IP addressing version 4 (IPv4) used previously and IP addressing version 6 (IPv6) a new version introduced lately to accommodate more clients.
IPv4
32-bit number
IPv4 can handle 4 billion.
Expressed as series of four sets of separate numbers marked off by periods e.g or
Class B address: ( ) Network identified by first two sets, computer identified by last set
Class C address: ( )
Network identified by first three sets, computer identified by last set
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

19. Internet (IP) Addresses
IPv6
A newer version of the IP protocol, called IPv6, has been developed. IPv6 provides for 128-bit addresses, or about 1 quadrillion
(10 to the power15)
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

20. Checking your IP From start menu click Run Type cmd in dialogue box
Type ipconfig
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

21. Routing Internet Messages: TCP/IP and Packet Switching
The Internet uses packet-switched networks and the TCP/IP communications protocol to send, route, and assemble messages. Messages are broken into packets, and packets from the same message can travel along different routes.
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

22. Domain Names, DNS, and URLs
IP address expressed in natural language
comsats.edu.pk 
Domain Name System (DNS)
Allows numeric IP addresses to be expressed in natural language
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Address used by Web browser to identify location of content on the Web
e.g.,
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

23. How to Pick a Domain Name
Pointer for picking domain names
If you sell bricks, pick a domain name containing a word like brick
Consider name length and ease of remembering the name
Hyphens to force search engines to see keywords in your domain name
Make sure the domain name is easy for Web users to remember and find
The domain name should suggest the nature of your product or service
The domain name should serve as a trademark
The domain name should be free of legal conflicts
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

24. Some memorable Internet names
Bad names
Yadayada.com
Doggles.com
ePet.com
Teacherstalk.com
“anything”online.com
llanfairpwllgwyngyllgog erychwyrndrobwyll- llantysiliogogogoch.co m
Close to an existing name
Gooogle.com
Goggle.com
Good names
Amazon.com
Ebay.com
Yahoo.com
Google.com
Alibaba.com
Hotmail.com
qwerty.com
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

25. How to Register a Domain Name
if you are interested a domain In Pakistan (.pk ) You may use :
If you want to register an international domain .com you may try :
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

26. How to Register a Domain Name in Pakistan?
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

27. How to Register a Domain Name in Pakistan?
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

28. How to Register an international Domain Name ?
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

29. How to Register an international Domain Name ?
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

30. The Internet Today
Internet growth has boomed without disruption because it is based on some powerful applications using the following architecture:
Client/server computing model
Pear to Pear P2P Model
Cloud Computing
Hourglass, layered architecture
Network Technology Substrate
Transport Services and Representation Standards
Middleware Services
Applications
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

31. Client/Server Computing
Powerful personal computers (clients) connected in network with one or more servers
Servers perform common functions for the clients, such as Storing files, software applications, etc.
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

32. Client Server
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

33. The New Client: The Emerging Mobile Platform
Within a few years, primary Internet access will be through:
Netbooks
Designed to connect to wireless Internet
Under 2 lbs, solid state memory, 8” displays
$200–400
Smartphones
Disruptive technology: Processors, operating systems
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

34. Cloud Computing Obtain Software and hardware as Service
Firms and individuals obtain computing power (hardware) and software over Internet
E.g., Google Apps
Fastest growing form of computing
Radically reduces costs of:
Building and operating Web sites
Infrastructure, IT support
Hardware, software
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

35. Cloud Computing
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

36. Cloud Computing Model
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

37. Other Internet Protocols and Utility Programs
HTTP
SMTP, POP3, IMAP,
FTP, Telnet, SSL
Utility programs
Ping
Tracert
Pathping
NSlookup
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

38. Other Internet Protocols and Utility Programs
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
is the Internet protocol used to transfer Web pages
HTTP was developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
HTTP runs
in the Application Layer of the TCP/IP model
An HTTP session begins by the client’s browser requesting a resource, such as a Web page, from a remote Internet server.
When the server responds by sending the page requested, the HTTP
session for that object ends.
Web pages may have many objects such as graphics, sound or video files, frames, so each object must be requested by a separate HTTP message.
The most common HTTP request message is Get, used to request a resource
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

39. Other Internet Protocols and Utility Programs
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Is an Internet protocol used to send to a server.
SMTP is a relatively simple, text-based protocol that was developed in the early 1980s.
SMTP handles only the sending of .
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

40. Other Internet Protocols and Utility Programs
To retrieve from a server, The client computer uses
Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3)
A protocol used by the client to retrieve mail from an Internet server and then delete the
messages on the server, or retain them on the server.
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP).
IMAP is a more current protocol supported by all browsers and most servers and ISPs.
IMAP allows users to search, organize, and filter their mail prior to downloading it from the server.
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

41. Other Internet Protocols and Utility Programs
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
One of the original Internet services. Part of the TCP/IP protocol that permits users to transfer files from the server to their client computer, and vice versa.
The files can be documents, programs, or large database files.
FTP is the fastest and most convenient way to transfer files larger than 1 megabyte, which some servers will not accept
Telnet
A terminal emulation program that runs in TCP/IP.
The term Telnet also refers to the Telnet program, which provides the client part of the protocol and enables the client to emulate a mainframe computer terminal.
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

42. Other Internet Protocols and Utility Programs
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a protocol that
operates between the Transport and Application Layers of TCP/IP and secures communications between the client and the server.
SSL helps secure e-commerce communications and payments through a variety of techniques such as message encryption and digital signatures
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

43. P2P Class Discussion
How does P2P networking differ from client/server networking?
Why is P2P networking a potential money-saver for corporations and other organizations?
What are some illegal uses of P2P networking?
What are some legal uses of P2P networking?
What other alternatives are there for streaming large video files?
T1-Lecture Ahmed Mumtaz Mustehsan Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc

44. End The Internet and The Web Chapter-2; Part-I T1-Lecture-3
For Lecture Material/Slides Thanks to:
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc