1. FIREWALLS & NETWORK SECURITY with Intrusion Detection and VPNs, 2 nd ed. 10 Authenticating Users By Whitman, Mattord, & Austin© 2008 Course Technology

2. Learning Objectives  Explain why authentication is a critical aspect of network security  Explain why firewalls authenticate and how they identify users  Describe user, client, and session authentication  List the advantages and disadvantages of popular centralized authentication systems  Discuss the potential weaknesses of password security systems  Discuss the use of password security tools  Describe common authentication protocols used by firewalls Slide 2Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

3. The Authentication Process in General  The act of identifying users and providing network services to them based on their identity  Two forms –Local authentication –Centralized authentication service (often uses two-factor authentication) Slide 3Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

4. How Firewalls Implement the Authentication Process 1.Client makes request to access a resource 2.Firewall intercepts the request and prompts the user for name and password 3.User submits information to firewall 4.User is authenticated 5.Request is checked against firewall’s rule base 6.If request matches existing allow rule, user is granted access 7.User accesses desired resources Slide 4Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

5. How Firewalls Implement the Authentication Process (continued) Slide 5Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

6. Firewall Authentication Methods  User authentication  Client authentication  Session authentication Slide 6Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

7. User Authentication  Basic authentication; user supplies username and password to access networked resources  Users who need to legitimately access your internal servers must be added to your access control lists (ACLs) Slide 7Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

8. User Authentication (continued) Slide 8Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

9. Client Authentication  Same as user authentication but with additional time limit or usage limit restrictions  When configuring, set up one of two types of authentication systems –Standard sign-on system –Specific sign-on system Slide 9Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

10. Client Authentication (continued) Slide 10Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

11. Session Authentication  Required any time the client establishes a session with a server of other networked resource Slide 11Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

12. Comparison of Authentication Methods Slide 12Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

13. Centralized Authentication  Centralized server maintains all authorizations for users regardless of where user is located and how user connects to network  Most common methods –Kerberos –TACACS+ (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System) –RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) Slide 13Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

14. Process of Centralized Authentication Slide 14Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

15. Kerberos  Provides authentication and encryption through standard clients and servers  Uses a Key Distribution Center (KDC) to issue tickets to those who want access to resources  Used internally on Windows 2000/XP  Advantages –Passwords are not stored on the system –Widely used in UNIX environment; enables authentication across operating systems Slide 15Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

16. Kerberos Authentication Slide 16Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

17. TACACS+  Latest and strongest version of a set of authentication protocols for dial-up access (Cisco Systems)  Provides AAA services –Authentication –Authorization –Auditing  Uses MD5 algorithm to encrypt data Slide 17Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

18. RADIUS  Centralized dial-in authentication service that uses UDP  Transmits authentication packets unencrypted across the network  Provides lower level of security than TACACS+ but more widely supported Slide 18Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

19. TACACS+ and RADIUS Compared  Strength of security  Filtering characteristics  Proxy characteristics  NAT characteristics Slide 19Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

20. Strength of Security Slide 20Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

21. Filtering Characteristics Slide 21Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

22. Proxy Characteristics  RADIUS –Doesn’t work with generic proxy systems, but a RADIUS server can function as a proxy server  TACACS+ –Works with generic proxy systems Slide 22Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

23. NAT Characteristics  RADIUS –Doesn’t work with NAT  TACACS+ –Should work through NAT systems Slide 23Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

24. Password Security Issues  Passwords that can be cracked (accessed by an unauthorized user)  Password vulnerabilities  Lax security habits Slide 24Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

25. Passwords That Can Be Cracked  Ways to crack passwords –Find a way to authenticate without knowing the password –Uncover password from system that holds it –Guess the password  To avoid the issue –Protect passwords effectively –Observe security habits Slide 25Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

26. Password Vulnerabilities  Built-in vulnerabilities –Often easy to guess –Often stored visibly –Social engineering  To avoid the issues –Choose complicated passwords –Memorize passwords –Never give passwords out to anyone Slide 26Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

27. Lax Security Habits  To maintain some level of integrity, draw up a formal Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) Slide 27Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

28. Password Security Tools  One-time password software  Shadow password system Slide 28Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

29. One-Time Password Software  Password is generated using a secret key  Password is used only once, when the user authenticates  Different passwords are used for each authentication session  Types –Challenge-response passwords –Password list passwords Slide 29Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

30. Shadow Password System  A feature of Linux that stores passwords in another file that has restricted access  Passwords are stored only after being encrypted by a randomly generated value and an encoding formula Slide 30Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

31. Other Authentication Systems  Single-password systems  One-time password systems  Certificate-based authentication  802.1x Wi-Fi authentication Slide 31Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

32. Single-Password Systems  Operating system password  Internal firewall password Slide 32Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

33. One-Time Password Systems  Single Key (S/Key)  SecurID  Axent Pathways Defender Slide 33Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

34. Single Key (S/Key)  Uses multiple-word rather than single word passwords –User specifies single-word password and the number of times it is to be encrypted –Password is processed by a hash function n times; resulting encrypted passwords are stored on the server  Never stores original password on the server Slide 34Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

35. SecurID  Uses two-factor authentication –Physical object –Piece of knowledge  Most frequently used one-time password solution with FireWall-1 Slide 35Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

36. SecurID Tokens Slide 36Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

37. Axent Pathways Defender  Uses two-factor authentication and a challenge- response system Slide 37Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

38. Certificate-Based Authentication  FireWall-1 supports the use of digital certificates to authenticate users  Organization sets up a public key infrastructure (PKI) that generates keys to users –User receives a code (public key) that is generated using the server’s private key and uses the public key to send encrypted information to the server –Server receives the public key and can decrypt the information using its private key Slide 38Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

39. 802.1x Wi-Fi Authentication  Supports wireless Ethernet connections  Not supported by FireWall-1  802.1x protocol provides for authentication of users on wireless networks  Wi-Fi uses Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Slide 39Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

40. Wireless Authentication Slide 40Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

41. Chapter Summary  Overview of authentication and its importance to network security  How and why firewalls perform authentication services  Types of authentication performed by firewalls –User –Client –Session Slide 41Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

42. Chapter Summary (continued)  Generally, users supply: –Something they have (such as a smart card) or –Something they know (such as a password) or –Both  Latest authentication systems measure or evaluate a physical attribute, such as a fingerprint or voiceprint Slide 42Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10

43. Chapter Summary (continued)  In a centralized authentication system: –Firewall works with an authentication server –Authentication server handles Username and password maintenance/generation Login requests Auditing  Examples of centralized authentication systems: –Kerberos –TACACS+ –RADIUS Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10 Slide 43

44. Chapter Summary (continued)  Passwords –Important part of virtually every authentication system –Take one of two general forms: Single-word –User password compared against database of passwords; access granted if match is made –Vulnerable to ability of hackers to determine passwords, to user error, and to bad security habits One-time passwords –Generated dynamically each time user attempts to log on to network –Secret key used to generate single- or multiple- word password Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 10 Slide 44