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Chapters 20 & 21 Notes
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Kingdom Protista
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Where Do We Find Protists? Protists live in water.
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Protists are found in: oceans, streams, pond water, mud puddles, snow, inside other organisms, etc.
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What Are Protists? Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic? Eukaryotic
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Unicellular or Multicellular? Unicellular dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima
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Heterotrophic or Autotrophic? Both Collodictyon
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How Are Protists Classified? Protists are classified based on their nutrition.
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There are three types of protists. a. Animal-like Ex. Amoeba, euglena, paramecium
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b. Plant-like Ex. Algae, seaweed, kelp
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c. Fungus-like Ex. Molds
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Animal-like Protists Called Protozoans Protozoans are unicellular and heterotrophic.
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Protozoans are classified by their mode of motility. This means “How they move.”
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Three Types of Motility Pseudopods – are lobes of cytoplasm that move to surround and engulf food. They look like blobs. Example: Amoeba
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Flagella – are whip-like tails that propel the protozoa through the water. Example: Euglena
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Cilia – short, hairlike projections on the outside of the protozoan’s body. Example: Paramecium
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Plant-like Protists Autotrophic protists that get their nutrition through photosynthesis. These protists are called algae.
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There are 4 kinds of unicellular algae: Euglenophytes, Chrysophytes, Diatoms and Dinoflagellates
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Euglenophytes
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Chrysophytes Yellow-green algae, "golden plants"
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Diatoms produce thin cell walls of silicon, main component of glass
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Dinoflagellates Often have two flagella luminescent
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There are 3 kinds of multicellular algae: green, red and brown algae
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Green Algae Blue green algae
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Red Algae
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Brown Algae Sargassam Padina durvillaei Alginic Acid, harvested from brown algae, is used to make products such as toothpaste, soap and ice cream.
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Fungus-like Protists These protists break down dead organic matter just like fungi. These protists are considered decomposers.
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Example: Molds There are two types of molds: slime molds & water molds.
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How Do Protists Affect Us? Phytoplankton, which are a form of algae, provide and maintain the earth’s oxygen levels through photosynthesis (supply almost ½ of the world’s oxygen)
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Protists can also cause diseases in plants & animals. Ex are: malaria, amoebic dysentery, and the potato famine.
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Many protists are used in foods such as ice cream, pudding, pancake syrups and sushi.
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Red Tides Some dinoflagellates produce “red tides” – when algae grow into enormous masses known as blooms
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Red Tide
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The algal blooms rob the water of oxygen and can cause fish and other sea life to die
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The algal blooms can also put a toxin into shellfish (clams & oysters) that eat them and that toxin can be spread to humans and cause serious illness and even death
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Photo sites http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/PGclass/webpagepictures2/paramecium2.jpg http://volvocales.pbwiki.com/f/volvox-carteri.jpg http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/holyoak/didinium_small.jpg http://socialmediaanswers.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/mudpuddlemarch200844-300x200.jpg http://www.bbc.co.uk/essex/content/images/2008/04/08/snow_norsey_woods_470_470x352.jpg http://www.ucc.ie/academic/zeps/pages/Web_Page/Streams.JPG http://www.atlasgeo.net/htmlp/OceanIndien3.htm http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/protists/a moeba_proteus_X_100_small.jpg http://www.fiu.edu/~reink/images/research6.jpg http://starcentral.mbl.edu/msr/rawdata/viewable/collodictyon009_wbw.jpg http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/images/bio11m20.jpg http://neo-science.net/images/products/450056.jpg http://www.planet-pets.com/amoeba1.jpg http://scienceblogs.com/clock/upload/2006/07/Euglena.JPG http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/1244/60019219.JPG http://www.visitniugini.com/png/export/pics/gallerypictures/images/Algae.jpg http://www.itmonline.org/image/seaweed4.jpg http://www.cpawsbc.org/files/images/marine/mpas/kelp.jpg http://atlanticbuildinginspections.com/mold.aspx http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/28-14x-CiliatesCollage.jpg http://clem.mscd.edu/~churchcy/BIO3200/images/euglenamov.gif http://www.tvt-bio.com/jpg/0c.jpg http://guitarfish.org/images/posts/algae-staghorn-09-19-2006.jpg http://stpetebeach.org/Images/redtideclean.jpg
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Photo sites http://hypnea.botany.uwc.ac.za/phylogeny/classif/images/3_euglenophytes.gif http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/chrys.jpg http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/notes_plantlikeprotists.html http://crca.caloosahatchee.org/img/green_algae_080508_big.jpg http://ww.drsfostersmith.com/images/articles/a_redslimealgae_27159P_1.jpg http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/reds/porphyra.gif http://coris.noaa.gov/glossary/bluegreen_algae_186.jpg http://www.wetwebmedia.com/Algae%20and%20Plt%20Pix/Brown%20Algae/Sargassum.jpg http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/dampier/images/explore/flora/brownalgae/brownalgae03.jpg http://natureinfocus.com/gallery/download/302-2/Slime_Mold.jpg http://www.geocities.com/ymike2002/images/WATERMO.jpg http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/Pics/Other%20Algae/Green_jpegs/Stigeoclonium_Key196.jpg http://images.spaceref.com/news/early.earth.jpg http://www.openhere.com/images/newsimgs/210chimes_malaria.jpg http://molecular.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/olympusmicd/galleries/moviegallery/images/pondscum/amoeba.jpg http://www.northwestern.edu/shared/cms/images/newscenter/2006/06/potato.jpg http://www.coolhunting.com/images/Ice_Cream_Keeper.jpg http://img.sushi.pro/nori.jpg http://www.germes-online.com/direct/dbimage/50321802/Carrageenan.jpg http://www.gesundes-reisen.de/imgdata/giftig_anja/red_tide.jpg http://www.ucsusa.org/gulf/pixgulf/state_fl_hea01.jpg http://www.earthhopenetwork.net/red_tide_rotting_fish.jpg http://www.marine-genomics-europe.org/upload/dinoflagellate_copie.jpg
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Kingdom Fungi
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What Are And Where Do Fungi Live?
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Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Eukaryotic
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Unicellular or Multicellular? Multicellular
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Heterotrophic or Autotrophic? Heterotrophic Agaricus A. campetris
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Fungi grow in dark and moist places and feed on dead organic matter.
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How Are Fungi Classified? Fungi are classified by their method of reproduction.
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1. Asexual reproduction – involves only one parent and does not involve the exchange of genetic information.
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2. Sexual reproduction – involves exchange of genetic information between two individuals.
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Three Forms of Asexual Reproduction Budding – a parent cell produces offspring by forming a small bud which then separates from the parent to form a new organism.
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Yeast cells are an example of budding. Yeast cells are unique among fungi because they are unicellular. BUD YEAST CELL
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. Regeneration – a piece of fungus breaks off and forms a new fungus.
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Spores – reproductive cells that form new fungi
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Groups of Fungi Common Molds – includes molds that grow on meat, cheese & bread
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Sac Fungi – includes cup fungi, but also yeast (unicellular) Mildew
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Club Fungi – includes typical mushrooms that you buy from the store
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Imperfect Fungi – includes Penicillium (makes Penicillin), athlete’s foot & ringworm
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Structure of a Typical Mushroom Label: Cap, Annulus, Stipe, Gills & Hyphae CAP GILLS STIPE (STALK) ANNULUS HYPHAE
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Fungi in the Biosphere Lichens –are a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism like algae.
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Lichens In this relationship, the algae provides food for the fungus and the fungus provides shelter for the algae. What kind of symbiotic relationship is this? MUTUALISM
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How Do Fungi Affect Us? Fungi are used in food. These include mushrooms, bread yeast to make bread, and some cheeses gain their flavor from the mold that grows on them.
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Fungi are decomposers and help maintain equilibrium in ecosystems.
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Diseases caused by fungi are athlete’s foot, ringworm, and thrush.
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Fungi in Medicine Penicillin was found by accident by Alexander Fleming. This led to the discovery of antibiotics.
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Many fungi form antibiotics and have been very beneficial in the treatment against bacterial diseases.
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Never eat mushrooms that you didn’t buy at the grocery store. Many mushrooms look like the edible kind but are poisonous.
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Fungus photo sites http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/fungus_diversity.jpg http://www.adnet.ie/blogs/media/mushroom.jpg http://www.world-of-fungi.org/Introduction/evolut1.jpg http://www.hampshirefare.co.uk/images/Leckford%20mushrooms%20growing.JPG http://attra.ncat.org/images/Woodlot2.jpg http://sparkleberrysprings.com/v-web/b2/images/j/jackolantern3.jpg http://gourmetposter.com/poisonous.jpg http://users.ixpres.com/~dpcharp/BPChap3_files/image032.jpg http://www.silverfalls.k12.or.us/staff/read_shari/modbudding.jpg http://www.cbv.ns.ca/MCHS/diversity/fungi.jpg http://www.purdue.edu/envirosoft/lawn/images/fairy1.jpg http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/31-15-BuddingYeast.jpg http://suddenoakdeath.org/assets/images/fungus.jpg http://forums.mycotopia.net/attachments/holding-tank/65649d1193592337-woodlover-regeneration-tek-densification-rhizomorphs-layering-rhizo_o_azur_13d.jpg http://www5.pbrc.hawaii.edu/microangela/mbread2go.jpg http://www.botos.com/weekly/imgp6685a_800.jpg http://www.davidlnelson.md/Cazadero/CazImages/Common_mold_Rhizopus_small.jpg http://rainforest-australia.com/pics/Cup_fu28.jpg http://www.davidlnelson.md/Cazadero/CazImages/Ascomycetes_small.jpg http://www.geocities.com/rainforest/vines/8983/fungi/agaric.jpg http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISCELLANEOUS/penici11.jpg http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/others/tube-lichen-22219.jpg http://www.buenavistatownship.org/photos/british%20soldier%20lichen.jpg http://www.cooperis.com/quizzes/cheese.jpg http://www.globalgourmet.com/food/foodday/fd0397/art/bdyeast.gif http://www.srl.caltech.edu/personnel/krubal/rainforest/Edit560s6/www/images/plants/fngcone1.jpg http://www.swedishmedical.org/pert/images/thrush.jpg http://bestaffiliateatm.com/WordPressBlog/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/fungus-feet-athletes-foot-300x194.jpg http://www.accesskent.com/Health/HealthDepartment/CD_Epid/images/Ring_Worm_Face.jpg http://users.wfu.edu/suny5/imagespenicillin.jpeg http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/microbes/media/penicil.jpg
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