1. KINGDOMS OF LIFEre 18-13 Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and Three Domains
Section 18-3
Fungi
Animalia
Archaebacteria
Plantae
Protista
Kingdoms
Eubacteria
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia

2. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Pro = earlier, prior to, pre
Eu = good, true, think new

3. Vocabulary
Prokaryote – organisms with cell(s) that do not contain a nucleus (simple)
Eukaryote – organisms with cell(s) that have a nucleus
(more complex)
Autotroph - organisms that make their own food
Heterotroph - organisms that ingest of absorb their food
Unicellular – organism consisting of only one cell
Multicellular – organism consisting of more than one cell

4. Kingdom Archaebacteria
First life forms
Prokaryotes (no nucleus)
Unicellular
Cell Walls
Autotrophs (producers = make own food)
Heterotrophs (need to eat others)
Methanogens (producers - eat methane)
Live in extreme environments
(hot, cold, no oxygen)
Discovered in 1983

5. Kingdom Eubacteria Prokaryotes (no nucleus) Unicellular Cell wall
Autotrophs (producers) or Heterotrophs (consumers, decomposers)
E-Coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Cyanobacteria

6. OLD BioEd Online The six-kingdom system The OLD five-kingdom system
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
The OLD five-kingdom system
Monera
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
OLD
Kingdoms and Domains
In the 18th Century, organisms were considered to belong to one of two kingdoms, Animalia or Plantae. As biologists gathered more information about the diverse forms of life on Earth, it became evident that the two-kingdom system did not accurately reflect relationships among different groups of organisms, and the number of kingdoms increased. In 1969, Robert Whittaker proposed a five-kingdom system consisting of monerans, protists, fungi, plants and animals. In the last few years, comparative studies of nucleotide sequences of genes coding for ribosomal RNA and other proteins have allowed biologists to recognize important distinctions between bacteria and archaebacteria. The graphic on this slide illustrates the phylogenetic relationships drawn from this information using a three-domain and a six-kingdom arrangement, compared to the traditional five kingdom system.
References
Woese, C. R. & Fox, G. E. (1977). Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74(11),
BioEd Online

7. Kingdom Protista Eukaryotes
(cells with nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)
Mostly unicelluar, but some multicellular (algae)
Cell wall
Autotrophs (producers) or
Heterotrophs (consumers)
Amoebas, Paramecium, Slime molds, Algae (seaweed)
Animal-like, plant-like, fungus-like

8. Amoeba Slime mold
Paramecium Kelp (seaweed)

9. Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotes
(cells with nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)
Most multicellular; some unicellular
Cell wall
Heterotrophs
decomposers
consumers (yeast)
Mushrooms,
yeast, molds

10. Mold
Yeast

11. Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotes All multicellular Cell wall
(cells with nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)
All multicellular
Cell wall
Autotrophs (Photosynthesis) - producers
Mosses, ferns,
flowering plants,
conifers

12. Mosses Ferns
Conifers (needles, cones)

13. Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotes All multicellular NO cell wall
(cells with nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)
All multicellular
NO cell wall
Heterotrophs (consumers)
Sponges, jellyfish, coral,
worms, starfish, clams,
crabs, fishes, sharks, frogs,
salamanders, lizards, turtles,
birds, mammals

14. Coral Reef: sponges, coral (a type of sea anemone), fishes, zooplankton

15. Sponges, sea anemones, jellyfish,
Sponges, sea anemones, jellyfish, Fishes, amphibians, Worms, mussels, squid, octopus, reptiles, birds, mammals
shrimp, starfish, sea urchins.

17. Organization of Life