1. Chapter One
The Scope of Biology

2. Global to Microscopic
Bio = Life Ology = the study
Biology – natural science that is the study of living things on a global scale of the entire planet down to the microscopic world

3. Large to Small
Biosphere – all the parts of the planet that are inhabited by living things (land, water, atmosphere)

4. Ecosystem – community of living things and the environment that supports them (plants, animals, air, water, and sunlight)
Ecosystems are very diverse and dynamic (changing)
Desert Marsh Pond Rainforest

5. All ecosystems combined make up the biosphere

6. Organism – Individual living thing
Large to Small
Organism – Individual living thing
Different types of organisms within their environment make up an ecosystem

7. Cell – basic units of structure and function within an organism
Organisms are made up of one or more cells
Unicellular – single cell
Multicellular – many cells

8. Large to Small DNA and Genes
DNA – molecule responsible for inheritance
Instructs cell to make all important molecules
Gene - hereditary
segment for
a single trait

9. Life’s Diversity
Life is very diverse; it contains thousands of different species
Species – a distinct form of life
Insects are the most diverse group of animals
Canis familiaris Canis lupus

10. Classification
Classification is needed because life is so diverse and there are so many different kinds of organisms
Classification – organizing similar species into larger groups

11. The Three Domains of Life
Domain – Broadest category of classification
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

12. The Three Domains of Life
Kingdoms – category of classification after domains
4 kingdoms within Eukarya domain
Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists
1 kingdom within Archaea domain
Archaebacteria
1 kingdom within the
Bacteria domain
Eubacteria

13. The Three Domains of Life
Archaea and bacteria domains contain very small and simple organisms; unicellular and prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic – cells without nuclei

14. The Eukarya domain contains more complex organisms; most are multicellular and have eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic – cells with a nuclei

15. Ten Unifying Themes of Life
1. Biological Systems
System – complex organization formed from a simpler combination of parts
Made up of levels
of organization

16. Applies to all levels of life: Biosphere – cells
Atom-molecule-cell-tissue-organ-organ system- Organism
Applies to all levels of life: Biosphere – cells

17. Ten Unifying Themes of Life
2. Cellular Basis of Life
All living things are made up of cells and have levels of organization.

18. Ten Unifying Themes of Life
3. Form and Function
Form is unique to its function
Ex. The shape of a bird’s wings = fly
Nerve cell has long fibers = send messages

20. Ten Unifying Themes of Life
4. Reproduction and Inheritance
Inheritance is passed through reproduction
Genes contain DNA which carries information for certain characteristics
During cellular division, DNA is copied
Egg (mom DNA) fuses with sperm (dad DNA)
Creates individual with
some inherited traits

21. Ten Unifying Themes of Life
5. Interaction with the Environment
All organisms interact with its environment
Photosynthesis-process by which plants make food)
We depend on oxygen

22. Cellular respiration – process by which animals use food to create energy
Plants depend on carbon dioxide

23. Ten Unifying Themes of Life
6. Energy and Life
All life processes require energy
Energy - the ability to do work
Energy flow within and ecosystem
Sunlight – producers - consumers
Energy then exits as heat

24. Producers (autotrophs) - produce own food
Consumers (heterotrophs) – organisms that can not make their own food and depend on other autotrophs or heterotrophs

25. Ten Unifying Themes of Life
7. Regulation
Homeostasis - the ability of an organism to keep conditions inside the body constant
(sweating,
shivering)

26. Ten Unifying Themes of Life
8. Adaptation and Evolution
Living things adapt
Adaptation - any characteristic
or change that
helps the organism
survive or live successfully in its environment

27. Population – localized group of organisms belonging to the same species
Natural Selection - process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environments survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals do
Evolution – change through time

28. Ten Unifying Themes of Life
9. Biology and Society
Biology is everywhere in society
Why is Biology important?
1. Medicine (Avian Bird Flu)
2. Agriculture (Growing genetically engineered food)
3. Industry (Use of bacteria to break down sewage: efficiency)

29. Ten Unifying Themes of Life
10. Scientific Inquiry
Because Biology is a science, there is a reliance on certain processes of inquiry
Scientific Method - an organized approach to help understand how the natural world works