1. Raising Children

2. Children as a “Public Good” (Strober) Children as private goods leads to the conclusion that their economic and emotional care are the sole responsibility of parents

3. Children as a “Public Good” (Strober) Poverty Rates in the United States: 17.6% of all children in U.S. 14.3 % White 34.1% Black U.S., second highest poverty rate in comparison to industrialized nations

4. Possible Solutions (Strober) 1.. 2.. 3.. 4..

5. Family Ecology Perspective Eight Social Factors making Parenting Difficult 1.Conflict between parenting and work 2.Learning techniques 3.Raising children in a pluralistic society 4.The malleability of children

6. Family Ecology Perspective Eight Social Factors making Parenting Difficult 5. Changing opinions 6. Questioning parent’s authority 7. Living longer (“sandwich gen.”) 8. New family forms

7. Transition to Parenthood (Rossi) 1.Social Pressure 2.Inexperience 3.Transition is Abrupt 4. Overall Change 1.Social Pressure 2.Inexperience 3.Transition is Abrupt 4. Overall Change

8. Mothers and Fathers: Division of labor (p. 271)

9. Parenting Styles Authoritarian Laissez-Faire Authoritative

10. Spanking (Kazdin & Benjet) Hitting a child with an open hand on the buttocks or extremities with the intent to discipline without leaving a bruise or causing physical harm

11. Corporal Punishment (Kazdin & Benjet) Harsh an excessive hitting, which involves the use of objects (e.g. belt, paddles), is directed to parts of the body other than the extremities, and causes or has the potential to cause physical harm

12. Three Views of Spanking (Kazdin & Benjet) Anti-Corporal Corporal Punishment Conditional Corporal Punishment Anti-Corporal Corporal Punishment Conditional Corporal Punishment

13. Outcomes of Spanking (Gershoff) Good 1. Immediate compliance Bad 1. Decreased internalization of morals 2. Diminished parent-child relations 3. Poorer parent/child mental health 4. Increased delinquency & anti-social behavior 5. Increased risk of being victim of abuse later in life

14. New Visibility of old Family Forms 1. Gay and Lesbian Parents No noticeable difference between children in same-sex family vs. hetero (Stacey, 2001) 2.Grandparents 5% of all children live with their grandparents 3. Foster Parents * formal kinship * group homes * family foster care