1. 11
The Police Response
to Intimate Partner Violence

2. Chapter Objectives
Translate empirical findings in police research into professional police arrest practices for IPV and use of probable cause.
Explain the difference between proarrest and mandatory arrest policies.
Discuss the implications of dual arrest and its effects for future criminal justice practices.
Identify the major concepts and provisions for domestic violence orders of protection.
Explain practical approaches to interviewing in cases of intimate partner violence.

3. Introduction
Increased demands for enforcement of criminal justice statutes in IPV and the creation of legislation to address newly recognized forms have not settled the debate regarding the role of the police officer.
A lack of consensus has resulted in practices that vary widely from state to state.
Without a clear direction on how to handle these complex problems, police officers often respond inappropriately.

4. The Role of Police
Domestic disturbance cases require a substantial portion of law enforcement resources.
They are the largest single category of police response.
Domestic-violence-related calls to the police account for between 15% and over 50% of all calls.
Klein, A. (2008). Practical implications of current domestic violence research. Part I: Law enforcement. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

5. Police Officer Training
Training police officers on domestic violence response is imperative.
Three-quarters of police departments require specialized domestic violence training for officers.
Townsend, M., Hunt, D., Kuck, S., & Baxter, C. (2006). Law enforcement response to domestic violence calls for service, final report. (NCJ ). Rockville, MD: National Institute of Justice.

6. Police Officer Training
Training time varies with departments.
Academies provide domestic violence training between two or three days and one week of instruction for recruit and special unit training.

7. Specialized Domestic Violence Response Unit Training
Patrol officer training includes victim case studies from actual incident responses and the specific responsibilities the officers have in making domestic violence arrests.
Training also includes mandatory arrest and primary aggressor decision-making and detailed case preparation.
A lethality or dangerousness assessment tool is used to identify the victims who are at the greatest risk.

8. Specialized Domestic Violence Units (Results)
Specialized domestic violence units significantly increase the likelihood of prosecution, conviction, and sentencing.
Specialized units have officers trained to make more extensive inquiries.
These units also influence prosecution and conviction of abuse suspects, influence victim behavior, reduce subsequent abuse, and increase victim satisfaction.
See box on page 5

9. Arrest Procedures The mandate to police officers is far from clear.
Laws are constantly changing with respect to arrest procedures.
The conditions under which the officer may arrest vary greatly.

10. Arrest Procedures Policies are classified into three categories:
Mandatory arrest requires a police officer to arrest a person without a warrant, based on a probable cause determination that an offense occurred and that the accused person committed the offense.
Proarrest gives authority for an arrest without a warrant, but is not required action in cases involving domestic partners.
Arrest is at the officer’s discretion.

11. Primary Aggressor Determination
The primary aggressor in IPV is the person who is responsible for the perpetuation of the violence, not necessarily who initiated it in one particular incident.
A primary aggressor determination should not include who started verbal arguments.
Verbal provocation is not a justifiable cause for assaultive behavior.

12. Primary Aggressor Determination
Primary aggressor laws offer guidance to police officers in determining who is the victim and who is the offender.
This involves using standards other than gender or size of the individuals involved.
Officers consider:
Who poses the most danger to the other?
Who is at most risk of future harm?

13. To Arrest or Not to Arrest
Five questions that police officers must consider when making the arrest decision:
Does the action constitute a crime?
Is there probable cause that a crime was committed?
Is the crime a misdemeanor or a felony?
Does the officer have the warrantless power of arrest for that crime?
Is there an outstanding protection order that has been violated?

14. What About Probable Cause?
Probable cause is a standard of proof that must be satisfied for any search or seizure to occur.
An arrest is legally defined as a seizure and therefore falls under the same requirement for probable cause as a search.
The requirement is stated in the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and in state constitutions.

15. What About Probable Cause?
Sources for determining probable cause include the following:
Collective knowledge doctrine
Knowledge about the suspect
Suspect’s behavior with police
Reliable hearsay
Observations of the police

16. What About Probable Cause?
Search and seizure
The probable cause requirement covers searches as well as seizures conducted by government officials.
Strict adherence to federal and state constitutional guidelines is imperative to obtain evidence that will withstand the scrutiny of the court.
Searching with a valid warrant is beneficial in domestic cases and should be considered to validate the statements of victims.

17. Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement
Consent search: Consent must be given freely and voluntarily, not as a mere acquiescence to legal authority or under intimidation.
Exigent circumstance and domestic violence: Police routinely enter homes for domestic calls and may investigate.
Search incident to a lawful arrest: A person who is legally under arrest may be searched.
Plain-view seizure: Articles may be searched if in plain view in public places or where the police have a legitimate right to be present.

18. Interviewing
The best method of interviewing is to separate the parties and question them individually after a brief cooling-down period.
The interviews should be conducted outside the hearing range of the other, with equal levels of respect afforded to each.
For crimes involving intimate partners, the process may be a long one.
Sufficient time to assess the situation involves skillful interviewing and the desire to be thorough.

19. Victim Protections Orders of Protection
These court orders restrict or prohibit one individual’s behavior in order to protect another.
Generally they include provisions restraining contact; prohibiting abuse, intimidation, or harassment; and prohibiting the possession of firearms.
Protection provisions may include financial resources for costs incurred due to partner violence and temporary custody of minor children.

20. IPV Across State Lines
Interstate domestic violence and interstate violation of protection orders are newer federal offenses.
This law applies if a batterer travels across state lines to reach the victim, or if the victim was induced to travel across state lines to come to the batterer.
The law is gender-neutral; it applies to both male and female victims and their intimate partners.