1. Immigration and Urbanization in the Industrial Age

2. Industrialization and Immigration
Introduction:
Millions of immigrants came to the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries seeking a better life
Most wanted to escape difficult conditions such as:
Poverty
Famine
Land shortages
Religious or political persecution

3. Industrialization and Immigration
Immigrants from Europe:
million immigrants mainly from England, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia, and other places in Northwestern Europe.
million immigrants mainly from Northwestern Europe
million immigrants came from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe. They were Austro-Hungarian, Turkish, Lithuanian, Russian, Jewish, Greek, Italian, and Romanian

5. Industrialization and Immigration
Immigrants from China and Japan:
Between 1851 and 200,000 Chinese arrived
Many sought gold
Many helped build the 1st transcontinental railroad
In 1884 the Japanese government allowed Hawaiian planters to recruit Japanese workers = Japanese emigration boom
By 1920 there were 200,000+ Japanese living on the West Coast

6. Industrialization and Immigration
Immigrants from the West Indies and Mexico:
Between 1880 and 1920 about 260,000 immigrants from the West Indies (Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and other islands) came to the U.S.
Many Mexicans became Americans in the mid-late 1800s because of various land acts and some came in search of jobs and farmland

7. CHART OF IMMIGRATION 1820 TO 1980 1900
THIS CHART SHOWS THE RISE AND FALL OF IMMIGRATION THROUGHOUT U.S. HISTORY. THE “WAVES OF IMMIGRATION” SLIDE EXPLAINS WHICH GROUPS WERE COMING AT WHICH POINT IN HISTORY.

8. Industrialization and Immigration
Life in the New Land for Immigrants: no matter where they came from, immigrants faced many adjustments
Difficult journey by steamship
Trip usually took 1 – 3 weeks
Many traveled in steerage or in cargo holds
Diseases spread and many died before they reached their destination
Ellis Island – immigration station in New York
Physical examination, literacy test, proof they were able to work , and $25
Many detained for days or possibly sent home
Between 1892 and 1943, 16 million immigrants passed through

9. Industrialization and Immigration
Life in the New Land for Immigrants:
Angel Island – immigration station in San Francisco Bay
Known for harsh questioning, long detentions and cruel treatment of the immigrants

10. ADVERTISEMENTS FOR TRAVEL TO AMERICA

11. COMING TO AMERICA

12. STEERAGE: THE CHEAPEST WAY TO COME TO AMERICA
STEERAGE,THE LOWEST DECK ON THE SHIP, THE CHEAPEST METHOD OF COMING TO AMERICA, IT WAS UNCOMFORTABLE AND DISEASE-RIDDEN.

14. ELLIS ISLAND IMMIGRATION CENTER, NEW YORK CITY

18. 1910 CENSUS: FOREIGN BORN RESIDENTS IN US CITIES.

19. Industrialization and Immigration
Life in the New Land for immigrants
Culture Shock – confusion and anxiety resulting from immersion into a culture whose ways of thinking and acting you don’t understand
Immigrants struggled to find jobs, housing, and function in daily life
Ethnic communities sprang up in areas that had large concentrations of immigrants

20. NEW IMMIGRANTS TENDED TO MOVE WHERE THEY KNEW PEOPLE FROM THE OLD WORLD
CITIES, UNLIKE THE OLD IMMIGRANTS THE NEW IMMIGRANTS WERE MORE LIKELY TO STAY IN THE LARGE CITIES AND NOT GO AND FARM .

21. Industrialization and Immigration
Immigration restrictions: as growing numbers of immigrants entered the country, strong anti-immigrant feelings emerged and the government reacted by passing legislation that restricted immigration
Nativism – favoritism toward native-born Americans
This paved the way for anti-immigrant groups and led to a demand for immigration restrictions
People from Asian countries often received the worst treatment!

22. Industrialization and Immigration
Immigration restrictions:
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials
1902 immigration was prohibited indefinitely
repealed in 1943

23. INTENDED EFFECT OF THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT OF 1882
CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT, 1882 ACT THAT STOPPED IMMIGRATION FROM CHINA.
HOW ARE ORIENTALS PORTRAYED I N THE CARTOON? AS ANIMALS

24. Industrialization and Immigration
Immigration restrictions:
Gentlemen’s Agreement of
Response to Anti-Japanese sentiment on the West Coast
Japanese government agreed to limit emigration to the U.S.

25. Urbanization Urbanization = the growth of cities
Promise of industrial jobs drew millions of people to the American cities
Urban population exploded
Jumping from 10 million to 54 million between 1870 and 1920
Urban growth revitalized cities and created serious problems

26. Urbanization Reasons for Urbanization
OPPORTUNITY– work, to escape poverty, and gain a better life for themselves and their children
New technology created new mills, factories, mines and transportation systems that needed workers
New agricultural equipment meant fewer laborers were needed and people had to find other types of employment
Cultural opportunities

27. Urbanization
Urban Problems: city governments faced serious problems when dealing with rapid urbanization
Housing: tenement homes were overcrowded and unsanitary
Transportation: mass transit was needed to accommodate the large population
Cable cars, electric streetcars, electric subways
Cities struggled to keep the transportation systems in good repair and to build new ones

28. IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORHOODS IN NEW YORK CITY: LATER HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

29. NEW INVENTIONS MADE RAPID URBAN GROWTH POSSIBLE
TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGHS, NEW SCIENTIFIC AND MECHANICAL INVENTIONS THAT REVOLUTIONIZED HOUSING, TRANSPORTATION MAKING RAPID URBAN GROWTH POSSIBLE.

30. RAPID TRANSIT IN THE 19TH CENTURY
MASS TRANSIT, A WAY TO TRANSPORT LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE. INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS ALLOWED CITIES TO BECOME BIGGER AND EXPAND HORIZONTALLY AS WELL AS VERTICALLY.

31. MASS TRANSPORTATION MOVES UNDERGROUND WITH THE FIRST SUBWAYS
SUBWAY SYSTEM, FIRST BUILT IN BOSTON IN 1897.

32. Urbanization
Urban Problems: city governments faced serious problems when dealing with rapid urbanization
Water: cities struggled to supply fresh water
Sanitation: dirty streets, polluted air, no sewage removal
Fire: deadly fires broke out in all American cities
Crime: lack of full-time police force = thieves, con men, and gangs
Corruption: rapid growth of cities led to corrupt local governments!
These problems , and many others, led to the Progressive Reform movement!!!

33. IMMIGRANT (JEWISH) NEIGHBORHOOD IN NEW YORK CITY
HESTER STREET, NYC

34. PROBLEMS IN THE NEW CITIES: SLUMS
The majority of working class people lived crowded together in slums made up of tenements, cheap apartment buildings, row houses and boarding houses.

35. Politics in the Gilded Age
In the late 19th century, cities experienced rapid growth under inefficient government. In a climate influenced by dog-eat-dog Social Darwinism, cities were receptive to a new power structure, the political machines, and a new politician, the city boss.

36. WHY WERE CITIES SO CORRUPT?
CITIES GREW SO FAST, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS COULD NOT HANDLE IT
IMMIGRANTS FROM SOUTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPE HAD NO KNOWLEDGE OF DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY AND WERE EASY PREY FOR BOSSES
BUSINESSMEN WERE CLOSELY LINKED WITH BOSSES MAKING CORRUPTION HARD TO FIGHT

37. BIG CITY BOSSES POSITIVES NEGATIVES
HELPED POOR IMMIGRANTS WITH FOOD AND JOBS
THEY WERE CORRUPT AND STOLE THE PEOPLE’S MONEY
THEY PERFORMED NEEDED FUNCTIONS THAT REGULAR CITY OFFICIALS COULD NOT
BOSSES PROTECTED VICE AND ENCOURAGED
MONOPOLIES