America’s History Seventh Edition

America’s History Seventh Edition
James A. Henretta Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self America’s History Seventh Edition CHAPTER 6 Making War and Republican Governments, Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

I. The Trials of War, 1776-1778 War in the North 1. Fighting Begins
Europeans believed British would easily defeat the rebellion British were militarily strong while Americans were weak economically and militarily Continental Army (led by Washington) was weak and poorly trained (18,000 men). 2. Early American Retreat Americans retreated as the British worked to capture New York City Washington’s men had several small victories during the winter months as the British halted their campaign in the cold weather. The Trials of War, War in the North 1. Fighting Begins – Europeans believed British would easily defeat the rebellion; British were militarily strong while Americans were weak economically and militarily; Continental Army (led by Washington) was weak and poorly trained (18,000 men). 2. Early American Retreat - Americans retreated as the British worked to capture New York City; Washington’s men had several small victories during the winter months as the British halted their campaign in the cold weather.

I. The Trials of War, 1776-1778 B. Armies and Strategies
1. Continental Soldiers Congress promised 75,000 men, numbers never reached 1/3; difficult to bring recruits into the military; most were poor, some were foreign born all were inexperienced debate between recruits and officers about the presence of “camp followers” (women who supported the men). The Trials of War, Armies and Strategies 1. Continental Soldiers – Congress promised 75,000 men, numbers never reached 1/3; difficult to bring recruits into the military; most were poor, some were foreign born; all were inexperienced; debate between recruits and officers about the presence of “camp followers” (women who supported the men). 5

I. The Trials of War, 1776-1778 Victory at Saratoga
1. Problems for the British Social and Financial Perils 1. Wartime Difficulties 2. Financial Crisis 3. Valley Forge The Trials of War, Victory at Saratoga 1. Problems for the British – 1777 British attempted to isolate New England but not all generals agreed with military plans; Howe took Philadelphia but Continental Congress fled; British led by Burgoyne were trapped near Saratoga, NY, and forced to surrender; Continental Army took more than 5,000 British captive; Americans in Paris created a military alliance with the French. Social and Financial Perils 1. Wartime Difficulties – urban populations in the north fled to the countryside; farmers and artisans adapted to a war-time economy; government needed supplies for the military; women were critical in supplying materials to the war effort; British and American soldiers harassed and raped women and girls; families forced to flee their homes for soldiers’ use. 2. Financial Crisis – states were afraid to increase taxes; bonds used to secure gold or silver; issued too much paper money; Continental Congress was financially destroyed; Patriots feared further rebellion as families suffered economic devastation. 3. Valley Forge – winter 1777 Washington’s army in retreat; 12,000 soldiers plus camp followers; conditions were terrible – cold, lack of food; nearby farmers refused to give food or shelter to the soldiers as some were Quakers/pacifists or Loyalists; 3,000 died, 1,000 deserted; Baron von Steuben (former Prussian military officer) trained those men who remained.

I. The Trials of War, 1776-1778 Victory at Saratoga
1. Problems for the British 1777 British attempted to isolate New England but not all generals agreed with military plans Howe took Philadelphia but Continental Congress fled British led by Burgoyne were trapped near Saratoga, NY, and forced to surrender Continental Army took more than 5,000 British captive Americans in Paris created a military alliance with the French. Social and Financial Perils 1. Wartime Difficulties 2. Financial Crisis 3. Valley Forge The Trials of War, Victory at Saratoga 1. Problems for the British – 1777 British attempted to isolate New England but not all generals agreed with military plans; Howe took Philadelphia but Continental Congress fled; British led by Burgoyne were trapped near Saratoga, NY, and forced to surrender; Continental Army took more than 5,000 British captive; Americans in Paris created a military alliance with the French. Social and Financial Perils 1. Wartime Difficulties – urban populations in the north fled to the countryside; farmers and artisans adapted to a war-time economy; government needed supplies for the military; women were critical in supplying materials to the war effort; British and American soldiers harassed and raped women and girls; families forced to flee their homes for soldiers’ use. 2. Financial Crisis – states were afraid to increase taxes; bonds used to secure gold or silver; issued too much paper money; Continental Congress was financially destroyed; Patriots feared further rebellion as families suffered economic devastation. 3. Valley Forge – winter 1777 Washington’s army in retreat; 12,000 soldiers plus camp followers; conditions were terrible – cold, lack of food; nearby farmers refused to give food or shelter to the soldiers as some were Quakers/pacifists or Loyalists; 3,000 died, 1,000 deserted; Baron von Steuben (former Prussian military officer) trained those men who remained.

I. The Trials of War, 1776-1778 Social and Financial Perils
1. Wartime Difficulties urban populations in the north fled to the countryside farmers and artisans adapted to a war-time economy government needed supplies for the military women were critical in supplying materials to the war effort British and American soldiers harassed and raped women and girls families forced to flee their homes for soldiers’ use. 2. Financial Crisis 3. Valley Forge The Trials of War, Victory at Saratoga 1. Problems for the British – 1777 British attempted to isolate New England but not all generals agreed with military plans; Howe took Philadelphia but Continental Congress fled; British led by Burgoyne were trapped near Saratoga, NY, and forced to surrender; Continental Army took more than 5,000 British captive; Americans in Paris created a military alliance with the French. Social and Financial Perils 1. Wartime Difficulties – urban populations in the north fled to the countryside; farmers and artisans adapted to a war-time economy; government needed supplies for the military; women were critical in supplying materials to the war effort; British and American soldiers harassed and raped women and girls; families forced to flee their homes for soldiers’ use. 2. Financial Crisis – states were afraid to increase taxes; bonds used to secure gold or silver; issued too much paper money; Continental Congress was financially destroyed; Patriots feared further rebellion as families suffered economic devastation. 3. Valley Forge – winter 1777 Washington’s army in retreat; 12,000 soldiers plus camp followers; conditions were terrible – cold, lack of food; nearby farmers refused to give food or shelter to the soldiers as some were Quakers/pacifists or Loyalists; 3,000 died, 1,000 deserted; Baron von Steuben (former Prussian military officer) trained those men who remained.

2. Financial Crisis states were afraid to increase taxes bonds used to secure gold or silver issued too much paper money Continental Congress was financially destroyed Patriots feared further rebellion as families suffered economic devastation. 3. Valley Forge winter 1777 Washington’s army in retreat; 12,000 soldiers plus camp followers; conditions were terrible – cold, lack of food; nearby farmers refused to give food or shelter to the soldiers as some were Quakers/pacifists or Loyalists; 3,000 died, 1,000 deserted; Baron von Steuben (former Prussian military officer) trained those men who remained. The Trials of War, Victory at Saratoga 1. Problems for the British – 1777 British attempted to isolate New England but not all generals agreed with military plans; Howe took Philadelphia but Continental Congress fled; British led by Burgoyne were trapped near Saratoga, NY, and forced to surrender; Continental Army took more than 5,000 British captive; Americans in Paris created a military alliance with the French. Social and Financial Perils 1. Wartime Difficulties – urban populations in the north fled to the countryside; farmers and artisans adapted to a war-time economy; government needed supplies for the military; women were critical in supplying materials to the war effort; British and American soldiers harassed and raped women and girls; families forced to flee their homes for soldiers’ use. 2. Financial Crisis – states were afraid to increase taxes; bonds used to secure gold or silver; issued too much paper money; Continental Congress was financially destroyed; Patriots feared further rebellion as families suffered economic devastation. 3. Valley Forge – winter 1777 Washington’s army in retreat; 12,000 soldiers plus camp followers; conditions were terrible – cold, lack of food; nearby farmers refused to give food or shelter to the soldiers as some were Quakers/pacifists or Loyalists; 3,000 died, 1,000 deserted; Baron von Steuben (former Prussian military officer) trained those men who remained.

3. Valley Forge winter 1777 Washington’s army in retreat 12,000 soldiers plus camp followers conditions were terrible – cold, lack of food nearby farmers refused to give food or shelter to the soldiers as some were Quakers/pacifists or Loyalists 3,000 died, 1,000 deserted Baron von Steuben (former Prussian military officer) trained those men who remained. The Trials of War, Victory at Saratoga 1. Problems for the British – 1777 British attempted to isolate New England but not all generals agreed with military plans; Howe took Philadelphia but Continental Congress fled; British led by Burgoyne were trapped near Saratoga, NY, and forced to surrender; Continental Army took more than 5,000 British captive; Americans in Paris created a military alliance with the French. Social and Financial Perils 1. Wartime Difficulties – urban populations in the north fled to the countryside; farmers and artisans adapted to a war-time economy; government needed supplies for the military; women were critical in supplying materials to the war effort; British and American soldiers harassed and raped women and girls; families forced to flee their homes for soldiers’ use. 2. Financial Crisis – states were afraid to increase taxes; bonds used to secure gold or silver; issued too much paper money; Continental Congress was financially destroyed; Patriots feared further rebellion as families suffered economic devastation. 3. Valley Forge – winter 1777 Washington’s army in retreat; 12,000 soldiers plus camp followers; conditions were terrible – cold, lack of food; nearby farmers refused to give food or shelter to the soldiers as some were Quakers/pacifists or Loyalists; 3,000 died, 1,000 deserted; Baron von Steuben (former Prussian military officer) trained those men who remained.

II. The Path to Victory, 1778-1783 The French Alliance
1. Support for the Patriots 1778 alliance provided money, supplies, and troops; created an international war French wanted to avenge the loss of Canada “Treaty of Alliance” stated neither side would sign a treaty to end the war without the “liberty, sovereignty, and independence” of the U.S. Continental Congress to recognize French in the West Indies. 2. British Concerns War in the South 1. Britain’s Southern Strategy 2. Guerrilla Warfare in the Carolinas The Path to Victory, The French Alliance 1. Support for the Patriots – 1778 alliance provided money, supplies, and troops; created an international war; French wanted to avenge the loss of Canada; “Treaty of Alliance” stated neither side would sign a treaty to end the war without the “liberty, sovereignty, and independence” of the U.S.; Continental Congress to recognize French in the West Indies. 2. British Concerns – British government increasingly concerned that war would spread to Ireland and West Indies; 1778 Lord North oversaw repeal of Tea Act and renounced its power to tax the colonies; rebellion continued. War in the South 1. Britain’s Southern Strategy – 1779 Spain joined the war on the Patriots’ side; new British strategy to defend their colonies in the West Indies; sea attack against Savannah, GA; hoped to continue onward to South Carolina. 2. Guerrilla Warfare in the Carolinas – Patriots used local militiamen against British forces; defeated Loyalists in region and took approx. 1,000 prisoners; Cornwallis surrendered Yorktown in October 1781.

II. The Path to Victory, 1778-1783 The French Alliance
2. British Concerns British government increasingly concerned that war would spread to Ireland and West Indies 1778 Lord North oversaw repeal of Tea Act and renounced its power to tax the colonies rebellion continued. War in the South 1. Britain’s Southern Strategy 2. Guerrilla Warfare in the Carolinas The Path to Victory, The French Alliance 1. Support for the Patriots – 1778 alliance provided money, supplies, and troops; created an international war; French wanted to avenge the loss of Canada; “Treaty of Alliance” stated neither side would sign a treaty to end the war without the “liberty, sovereignty, and independence” of the U.S.; Continental Congress to recognize French in the West Indies. 2. British Concerns – British government increasingly concerned that war would spread to Ireland and West Indies; 1778 Lord North oversaw repeal of Tea Act and renounced its power to tax the colonies; rebellion continued. War in the South 1. Britain’s Southern Strategy – 1779 Spain joined the war on the Patriots’ side; new British strategy to defend their colonies in the West Indies; sea attack against Savannah, GA; hoped to continue onward to South Carolina. 2. Guerrilla Warfare in the Carolinas – Patriots used local militiamen against British forces; defeated Loyalists in region and took approx. 1,000 prisoners; Cornwallis surrendered Yorktown in October 1781.

II. The Path to Victory, 1778-1783 War in the South
1. Britain’s Southern Strategy 1779 Spain joined the war on the Patriots’ side new British strategy to defend their colonies in the West Indies sea attack against Savannah, GA hoped to continue onward to South Carolina. 2. Guerrilla Warfare in the Carolinas Patriots used local militiamen against British forces; defeated Loyalists in region and took approx. 1,000 prisoners Cornwallis surrendered Yorktown in October 1781. The Path to Victory, The French Alliance 1. Support for the Patriots – 1778 alliance provided money, supplies, and troops; created an international war; French wanted to avenge the loss of Canada; “Treaty of Alliance” stated neither side would sign a treaty to end the war without the “liberty, sovereignty, and independence” of the U.S.; Continental Congress to recognize French in the West Indies. 2. British Concerns – British government increasingly concerned that war would spread to Ireland and West Indies; 1778 Lord North oversaw repeal of Tea Act and renounced its power to tax the colonies; rebellion continued. War in the South 1. Britain’s Southern Strategy – 1779 Spain joined the war on the Patriots’ side; new British strategy to defend their colonies in the West Indies; sea attack against Savannah, GA; hoped to continue onward to South Carolina. 2. Guerrilla Warfare in the Carolinas – Patriots used local militiamen against British forces; defeated Loyalists in region and took approx. 1,000 prisoners; Cornwallis surrendered Yorktown in October 1781.

II. The Path to Victory, 1778-1783 The Patriot Advantage
1. British Mistakes parliamentarians debated what went wrong in the war the French alliance and leadership of George Washington were two of the greatest advantages of the Patriots one-third of white population in America were zealous supporters of the Patriot cause and financed the war largely through currency taxes. Diplomatic Triumph 2. Treaty of Paris The Path to Victory, The Patriot Advantage 1. British Mistakes – parliamentarians debated what went wrong in the war; the French alliance and leadership of George Washington were two of the greatest advantages of the Patriots; one-third of white population in America were zealous supporters of the Patriot cause and financed the war largely through currency taxes. Diplomatic Triumph 1. Treaty of Paris – two years of negotiating; French and Spanish still hoped to make gains in the West Indies; Sept treaty signed; formal recognition of independence; no land for Native Americans who aided the British; fishing rights off of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia for Americans; freedom to navigate the Mississippi River; Americans encouraged states to return confiscated property to Loyalists and grant them citizenship; Treaty of Versailles (same time) British ended war with France and Spain.

II. The Path to Victory, 1778-1783 D. Diplomatic Triumph
2. Treaty of Paris two years of negotiating French and Spanish still hoped to make gains in the West Indies Sept treaty signed formal recognition of independence no land for Native Americans who aided the British fishing rights off of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia for Americans freedom to navigate the Mississippi River Americans encouraged states to return confiscated property to Loyalists and grant them citizenship Treaty of Versailles (same time) British ended war with France and Spain. The Path to Victory, The Patriot Advantage 1. British Mistakes – parliamentarians debated what went wrong in the war; the French alliance and leadership of George Washington were two of the greatest advantages of the Patriots; one-third of white population in America were zealous supporters of the Patriot cause and financed the war largely through currency taxes. Diplomatic Triumph 1. Treaty of Paris – two years of negotiating; French and Spanish still hoped to make gains in the West Indies; Sept treaty signed; formal recognition of independence; no land for Native Americans who aided the British; fishing rights off of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia for Americans; freedom to navigate the Mississippi River; Americans encouraged states to return confiscated property to Loyalists and grant them citizenship; Treaty of Versailles (same time) British ended war with France and Spain.

III. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776-1787
The State Constitutions: How Much Democracy? 1. Republicanism during 1776 many states wrote constitutions under the encouragement of the Second Continental Congress in many states a desire to reject anything that was similar to monarchy or put too much power in the hands of the wealthy. Creating Republican Institutions, The State Conventions: How Much Democracy? 1. Republicanism – during 1776 many states wrote constitutions under the encouragement of the Second Continental Congress; in many states a desire to reject anything that was similar to monarchy or put too much power in the hands of the wealthy. 2. Pennsylvania’s Controversial Constitution – 1776 all taxpaying men were granted the right to vote and hold office; creation of a unicameral legislature with complete power, elementary education, and no imprisonment for debt; many Patriots criticized this new government without a governor; 1776 John Adams published Thoughts on Government encouraging a mixed government with shared powers – executive, judicial, legislature.

The State Constitutions: How Much Democracy? 2. Pennsylvania’s Controversial Constitution 1776 all taxpaying men were granted the right to vote and hold office creation of a unicameral legislature with complete power, elementary education, and no imprisonment for debt many Patriots criticized this new government without a governor 1776 John Adams published Thoughts on Government encouraging a mixed government with shared powers – executive, judicial, legislature. Creating Republican Institutions, The State Conventions: How Much Democracy? 1. Republicanism – during 1776 many states wrote constitutions under the encouragement of the Second Continental Congress; in many states a desire to reject anything that was similar to monarchy or put too much power in the hands of the wealthy. 2. Pennsylvania’s Controversial Constitution – 1776 all taxpaying men were granted the right to vote and hold office; creation of a unicameral legislature with complete power, elementary education, and no imprisonment for debt; many Patriots criticized this new government without a governor; 1776 John Adams published Thoughts on Government encouraging a mixed government with shared powers – executive, judicial, legislature.

B. Women Seek a Public Voice 1. Postwar Demands postwar women wanted an end to restrictive customs and laws some advocated property rights for women women were largely ignored, except in New Jersey 1790s Massachusetts granted girls equal right to education. Creating Republican Institutions, Women Seek a Public Voice Postwar Demands – postwar women wanted an end to restrictive customs and laws; some advocated property rights for women; women were largely ignored, except in New Jersey; 1790s Massachusetts granted girls equal right to education. 24

1. What does the existence of such a pass tell us about the position of free blacks in the former British colonies at the end of the Revolution? (Answer: the wording of the pass indicates “Cato Rammsay” has the permission of the British military to travel freely; such a pass could hopefully prevent a man from being labeled a fugitive and therefore subject to arrest and return to a purported master; it is essential in a society that condones slavery that those who had obtained their freedom through birth or emancipation be able to prove their condition when necessary.)

1. What does the existence of such a pass tell us about the position of free blacks in the former British colonies at the end of the Revolution? 1. What does the existence of such a pass tell us about the position of free blacks in the former British colonies at the end of the Revolution? (Answer: the wording of the pass indicates “Cato Rammsay” has the permission of the British military to travel freely; such a pass could hopefully prevent a man from being labeled a fugitive and therefore subject to arrest and return to a purported master; it is essential in a society that condones slavery that those who had obtained their freedom through birth or emancipation be able to prove their condition when necessary.)

The Loyalist Exodus 1. Financial Gains and Losses nearly 100,000 Loyalists left after the war most lost large sums of money and/or property some sought compensation from the new government but got very little if any in some states the Loyalists’ property was seized and auctioned to highest bidder in urban areas Tories were replaced by Patriot merchants republican-minded entrepreneurs now replaced traditional elites whose money had come from land ownership. Creating Republican Institutions, The Loyalist Exodus 1. Financial Gains and Losses – nearly 100,000 Loyalists left after the war; most lost large sums of money and/or property; some sought compensation from the new government but got very little if any; in some states the Loyalists’ property was seized and auctioned to highest bidder; in urban areas Tories were replaced by Patriot merchants; republican-minded entrepreneurs now replaced traditional elites whose money had come from land ownership.

1. Describe the images of women presented by these eighteenth-century illustrations.
Ask students to consider this image and the following one. 1. Describe the images of women presented by these eighteenth-century illustrations. (Answers: Lady’s Magazine – depicts a kneeling woman with a paper reading “Rights of Man,” to her left are symbols of music, art, reading/knowledge. “Keep Within Compass” – a woman in a traditional agricultural setting, around her the words “Keep within compass and you shall be sure to avoid many troubles which others endure,” below her: “A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband,” and at the bottom of the illustration: “Enter not into the way of the wicked and go not in the path of evil men.”) 2. How do these two images reflect the debate over the role of women in the new United States? (Answer: the Lady’s Magazine image is reflective of the argument that women in the new republic should be educated, including the notion of “republican motherhood”; while “Keep Within the Compass” encourages women to stay on the traditional path of marriage and motherhood, straying from that path could lead to the woman’s moral downfall; this image reflects the fears that some men and women had that too much education would be morally and physically harmful to women.)

2. How do these two images reflect the debate over the role of women in the new United States?
Ask students to consider this image and the following one. 1. Describe the images of women presented by these eighteenth-century illustrations. (Answers: Lady’s Magazine – depicts a kneeling woman with a paper reading “Rights of Man,” to her left are symbols of music, art, reading/knowledge. “Keep Within Compass” – a woman in a traditional agricultural setting, around her the words “Keep within compass and you shall be sure to avoid many troubles which others endure,” below her: “A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband,” and at the bottom of the illustration: “Enter not into the way of the wicked and go not in the path of evil men.”) 2. How do these two images reflect the debate over the role of women in the new United States? (Answer: the Lady’s Magazine image is reflective of the argument that women in the new republic should be educated, including the notion of “republican motherhood”; while “Keep Within the Compass” encourages women to stay on the traditional path of marriage and motherhood, straying from that path could lead to the woman’s moral downfall; this image reflects the fears that some men and women had that too much education would be morally and physically harmful to women.)

D. The Articles of Confederation 1. Approved in Congress Nov Continuing Fiscal Crisis 3. The Northwest Ordinance Creating Republican Institutions, The Articles of Confederation 1. Approved in Congress Nov – loose union, each state had one vote regardless of size, population, wealth; no chief executive; no judiciary; Congress could declare war, make treaties, adjudicate disputes between states, borrow and print money, seek money from the states for common defense. 2. Continuing Fiscal Crisis – no power to tax the people; 1780 new government was nearly bankrupt; Bank of North America established in Philadelphia whose notes were meant to stabilize economy; Congress desired to sell lands in the west to raise revenue. 3. The Northwest Ordinance (1787) – created territories that would be Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin; slavery prohibited; money set aside from sales to establish schools; when population reached 5,000 men then the territory could elect a legislature; at 60,000 a republican constitution could be written with plans to enter the union. 30

D. The Articles of Confederation 1. Approved in Congress Nov. 1777 loose union, each state had one vote regardless of size, population, wealth no chief executive no judiciary Congress could declare war, make treaties, adjudicate disputes between states, borrow and print money, seek money from the states for common defense. 2. Continuing Fiscal Crisis 3. The Northwest Ordinance Creating Republican Institutions, The Articles of Confederation 1. Approved in Congress Nov – loose union, each state had one vote regardless of size, population, wealth; no chief executive; no judiciary; Congress could declare war, make treaties, adjudicate disputes between states, borrow and print money, seek money from the states for common defense. 2. Continuing Fiscal Crisis – no power to tax the people; 1780 new government was nearly bankrupt; Bank of North America established in Philadelphia whose notes were meant to stabilize economy; Congress desired to sell lands in the west to raise revenue. 3. The Northwest Ordinance (1787) – created territories that would be Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin; slavery prohibited; money set aside from sales to establish schools; when population reached 5,000 men then the territory could elect a legislature; at 60,000 a republican constitution could be written with plans to enter the union. 31

D. The Articles of Confederation 1. Approved in Congress Nov. 1777 2. Continuing Fiscal Crisis no power to tax the people 1780 new government was nearly bankrupt Bank of North America established in Philadelphia whose notes were meant to stabilize economy Congress desired to sell lands in the west to raise revenue. 3. The Northwest Ordinance Creating Republican Institutions, The Articles of Confederation 1. Approved in Congress Nov – loose union, each state had one vote regardless of size, population, wealth; no chief executive; no judiciary; Congress could declare war, make treaties, adjudicate disputes between states, borrow and print money, seek money from the states for common defense. 2. Continuing Fiscal Crisis – no power to tax the people; 1780 new government was nearly bankrupt; Bank of North America established in Philadelphia whose notes were meant to stabilize economy; Congress desired to sell lands in the west to raise revenue. 3. The Northwest Ordinance (1787) – created territories that would be Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin; slavery prohibited; money set aside from sales to establish schools; when population reached 5,000 men then the territory could elect a legislature; at 60,000 a republican constitution could be written with plans to enter the union. 32

D. The Articles of Confederation 1. Approved in Congress Nov. 1777 2. Continuing Fiscal Crisis 3. The Northwest Ordinance created territories that would be Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin slavery prohibited money set aside from sales to establish schools when population reached 5,000 men then the territory could elect a legislature at 60,000 a republican constitution could be written with plans to enter the union. Creating Republican Institutions, The Articles of Confederation 1. Approved in Congress Nov – loose union, each state had one vote regardless of size, population, wealth; no chief executive; no judiciary; Congress could declare war, make treaties, adjudicate disputes between states, borrow and print money, seek money from the states for common defense. 2. Continuing Fiscal Crisis – no power to tax the people; 1780 new government was nearly bankrupt; Bank of North America established in Philadelphia whose notes were meant to stabilize economy; Congress desired to sell lands in the west to raise revenue. 3. The Northwest Ordinance (1787) – created territories that would be Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin; slavery prohibited; money set aside from sales to establish schools; when population reached 5,000 men then the territory could elect a legislature; at 60,000 a republican constitution could be written with plans to enter the union. 33

Shays’s Rebellion 1. State Governments eastern states suffered tremendously after war shipping industry virtually shuttered war debts were enormous creditors wanted state governments to repay loans quickly states did not want to tax the people and instead authorized new paper money. 2. Rebellion in Massachusetts Creating Republican Institutions, Shays’s Rebellion 1. State Governments – eastern states suffered tremendously after war; shipping industry virtually shuttered; war debts were enormous; creditors wanted state governments to repay loans quickly; states did not want to tax the people and instead authorized new paper money. 2. Rebellion in Massachusetts – state would not enact debtor-relief, instead imposed high taxes to pay off state’s debt; farmers began protesting the tax rate and property seizures. Led by Captain Daniel Shays, mobs of farmers closed the Massachusetts courts by force; put down by force; made clear to the new government that the times ahead would be difficult.

Shays’s Rebellion 1. State Governments 2. Rebellion in Massachusetts state would not enact debtor-relief, instead imposed high taxes to pay off state’s debt farmers began protesting the tax rate and property seizures. Led by Captain Daniel Shays, mobs of farmers closed the Massachusetts courts by force put down by force made clear to the new government that the times ahead would be difficult. Creating Republican Institutions, Shays’s Rebellion 1. State Governments – eastern states suffered tremendously after war; shipping industry virtually shuttered; war debts were enormous; creditors wanted state governments to repay loans quickly; states did not want to tax the people and instead authorized new paper money. 2. Rebellion in Massachusetts – state would not enact debtor-relief, instead imposed high taxes to pay off state’s debt; farmers began protesting the tax rate and property seizures. Led by Captain Daniel Shays, mobs of farmers closed the Massachusetts courts by force; put down by force; made clear to the new government that the times ahead would be difficult.

IV. The Constitution of 1787 The Rise of a Nationalist Faction
1. Money Debates debts, taxes, tariffs all under discussion as a new constitution was debated some wanted a strong central government (national perspective), including creditors in the south. The Philadelphia Convention 1. The Virginia and New Jersey Plans 2. The Great Compromise 3. Negotiations over Slavery 4. National Authority The Constitution of 1787 The Rise of a Nationalist Faction 1. Money Debates – debts, taxes, tariffs all under discussion as a new constitution was debated; some wanted a strong central government (national perspective), including creditors in the south. The Philadelphia Convention 1. The Virginia and New Jersey Plans – 55 delegates to Philadelphia; Rhode Island opposed increasing central authority and did not send representation; most of the 55 were nationalists: most were educated, property owners, many were slaveholders; G. Washington elected as the presiding official; considered the Virginia Plan (proposed by James Madison); rejected state sovereignty for national authority, national government established by the people, and three-tier election system. Smaller states liked the New Jersey Plan – gave power to raise revenue, control commerce, and make binding requisitions on the states to the Confederation; states controlled their own laws. 2. The Great Compromise – debate between large and small states continued; suggestion that Senate have two members from each state while House have representation by population; accepted this compromise. 3. Negotiations over Slavery – Gov. Morris of New York condemned slavery at the convention, arguing that it was a “nefarious institution”; slaveholders recognized contradictions between slavery and republicanism but only supported an end to the slave trade and not slavery itself; slave trade would not be regulated by Congress until 1808; developed a fugitive slave clause but also excluded the words “slave/slavery” from the Constitution; slaves would be counted 3/5 for taxation and representation. 4. National Authority – created powerful, pro-creditor national government with powers of taxation, military defense, external commerce; all but three present at the Convention signed the document.

IV. The Constitution of 1787 The Philadelphia Convention
1. The Virginia and New Jersey Plans 55 delegates to Philadelphia Rhode Island opposed increasing central authority and did not send representation most of the 55 were nationalists: most were educated, property owners, many were slaveholders G. Washington elected as the presiding official considered the Virginia Plan (proposed by James Madison) rejected state sovereignty for national authority, national government established by the people, and three-tier election system. Smaller states liked the New Jersey Plan – gave power to raise revenue, control commerce, and make binding requisitions on the states to the Confederation states controlled their own laws. 2. The Great Compromise 3. Negotiations over Slavery 4. National Authority The Constitution of 1787 The Rise of a Nationalist Faction 1. Money Debates – debts, taxes, tariffs all under discussion as a new constitution was debated; some wanted a strong central government (national perspective), including creditors in the south. The Philadelphia Convention 1. The Virginia and New Jersey Plans – 55 delegates to Philadelphia; Rhode Island opposed increasing central authority and did not send representation; most of the 55 were nationalists: most were educated, property owners, many were slaveholders; G. Washington elected as the presiding official; considered the Virginia Plan (proposed by James Madison); rejected state sovereignty for national authority, national government established by the people, and three-tier election system. Smaller states liked the New Jersey Plan – gave power to raise revenue, control commerce, and make binding requisitions on the states to the Confederation; states controlled their own laws. 2. The Great Compromise – debate between large and small states continued; suggestion that Senate have two members from each state while House have representation by population; accepted this compromise. 3. Negotiations over Slavery – Gov. Morris of New York condemned slavery at the convention, arguing that it was a “nefarious institution”; slaveholders recognized contradictions between slavery and republicanism but only supported an end to the slave trade and not slavery itself; slave trade would not be regulated by Congress until 1808; developed a fugitive slave clause but also excluded the words “slave/slavery” from the Constitution; slaves would be counted 3/5 for taxation and representation. 4. National Authority – created powerful, pro-creditor national government with powers of taxation, military defense, external commerce; all but three present at the Convention signed the document.

2. The Great Compromise debate between large and small states continued suggestion that Senate have two members from each state while House have representation by population accepted this compromise. 3. Negotiations over Slavery 4. National Authority The Constitution of 1787 The Rise of a Nationalist Faction 1. Money Debates – debts, taxes, tariffs all under discussion as a new constitution was debated; some wanted a strong central government (national perspective), including creditors in the south. The Philadelphia Convention 1. The Virginia and New Jersey Plans – 55 delegates to Philadelphia; Rhode Island opposed increasing central authority and did not send representation; most of the 55 were nationalists: most were educated, property owners, many were slaveholders; G. Washington elected as the presiding official; considered the Virginia Plan (proposed by James Madison); rejected state sovereignty for national authority, national government established by the people, and three-tier election system. Smaller states liked the New Jersey Plan – gave power to raise revenue, control commerce, and make binding requisitions on the states to the Confederation; states controlled their own laws. 2. The Great Compromise – debate between large and small states continued; suggestion that Senate have two members from each state while House have representation by population; accepted this compromise. 3. Negotiations over Slavery – Gov. Morris of New York condemned slavery at the convention, arguing that it was a “nefarious institution”; slaveholders recognized contradictions between slavery and republicanism but only supported an end to the slave trade and not slavery itself; slave trade would not be regulated by Congress until 1808; developed a fugitive slave clause but also excluded the words “slave/slavery” from the Constitution; slaves would be counted 3/5 for taxation and representation. 4. National Authority – created powerful, pro-creditor national government with powers of taxation, military defense, external commerce; all but three present at the Convention signed the document.

3. Negotiations over Slavery Gov. Morris of New York condemned slavery at the convention, arguing that it was a “nefarious institution” slaveholders recognized contradictions between slavery and republicanism but only supported an end to the slave trade and not slavery itself slave trade would not be regulated by Congress until 1808; developed a fugitive slave clause but also excluded the words “slave/slavery” from the Constitution slaves would be counted 3/5 for taxation and representation. 4. National Authority created powerful, pro-creditor national government with powers of taxation, military defense, external commerce all but three present at the Convention signed the document. The Constitution of 1787 The Rise of a Nationalist Faction 1. Money Debates – debts, taxes, tariffs all under discussion as a new constitution was debated; some wanted a strong central government (national perspective), including creditors in the south. The Philadelphia Convention 1. The Virginia and New Jersey Plans – 55 delegates to Philadelphia; Rhode Island opposed increasing central authority and did not send representation; most of the 55 were nationalists: most were educated, property owners, many were slaveholders; G. Washington elected as the presiding official; considered the Virginia Plan (proposed by James Madison); rejected state sovereignty for national authority, national government established by the people, and three-tier election system. Smaller states liked the New Jersey Plan – gave power to raise revenue, control commerce, and make binding requisitions on the states to the Confederation; states controlled their own laws. 2. The Great Compromise – debate between large and small states continued; suggestion that Senate have two members from each state while House have representation by population; accepted this compromise. 3. Negotiations over Slavery – Gov. Morris of New York condemned slavery at the convention, arguing that it was a “nefarious institution”; slaveholders recognized contradictions between slavery and republicanism but only supported an end to the slave trade and not slavery itself; slave trade would not be regulated by Congress until 1808; developed a fugitive slave clause but also excluded the words “slave/slavery” from the Constitution; slaves would be counted 3/5 for taxation and representation. 4. National Authority – created powerful, pro-creditor national government with powers of taxation, military defense, external commerce; all but three present at the Convention signed the document.

IV. The Constitution of 1787 The People Debate Ratification
1. The Antifederalists required ratification by 9 or 13 states “Federalists” supported a federal union “Antifederalists” opposed the Constitution, feared that states would lose power, desired states to remain sovereign in New York series of 85 essays The Federalist published by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton. 2. The Constitution Ratified people in coastal areas tended to be Federalists backcountry population tended toward Antifederalism. The Constitution of 1787 The People Debate Ratification 1. The Antifederalists – required ratification by 9 or 13 states; “Federalists” supported a federal union; “Antifederalists” opposed the Constitution, feared that states would lose power, desired states to remain sovereign; in New York series of 85 essays The Federalist published by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton. 2. The Constitution Ratified – people in coastal areas tended to be Federalists; backcountry population tended toward Antifederalism.

America’s History Seventh Edition

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