1. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 1 PowerPoint Presentation Publisher The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Tinley Park, Illinois

2. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 2 Chapter 6 CADD Commands and Functions

3. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 3 Chapter 6 Overview Introduction Drawing Commands Editing and Inquiry Commands Display Control Commands Dimensioning Commands Drawing Aids Colors and Linetypes Blocks and Attributes 3D Drawing and Viewing Commands

4. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 4 Learning Objectives List several general categories of commands used in popular CADD programs. Sketch an example of linear, angular, and leader dimensioning. Explain drawing aids. Discuss the purposes of colors, linetypes, and layers in typical CADD programs. (continued)

5. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 5 Learning Objectives Explain layer naming conventions as related to architectural drawings. Describe 3D drawing. Explain rendering. Explain animation.

6. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 6 Introduction CADD is a powerful tool, but you have to know how to use it. –Commands are the instructions you provide to the software to achieve the end result.Commands –Several general groups of commands are common to most CADD software.

7. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 7 Introduction Command groups include: –Drawing commands. –Editing commands. –Display control commands. –Dimensioning commands. –Drawing aid commands. Names may vary between software, but the functions are the same.

8. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 8 Introduction There may be more than one way to enter a command: –From a pull-down menu.pull-down menu –From toolbars that contain buttons.toolbars –Typing on the command line.command line –From a tablet menu. The method of entry is unimportant with respect to the function of the command.

9. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 9 Drawing Commands Drawing commands form the foundation of any CADD program.Drawing commands –These commands allow you to create objects on the screen. –The most basic drawing command is the LINE command. –Many CADD programs automate the creation of certain objects.

10. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 10 Drawing Commands LINE command is the most frequently used command because it is the basic element in most drawings. Generally, you can enter coordinates or endpoints on the screen.

11. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 11 Drawing Commands DOUBLE LINE command is useful in creating walls on floor plans or where parallel lines are required. Generally, you can set the distance between the double lines.

12. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 12 Drawing Commands CIRCLE command automates the creation of a circle object. You can generally select from several common methods of defining a circle.

13. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 13 Drawing Commands An arc is a portion of a circle. The ARC command automates the creation of an arc.

14. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 14 Drawing Commands The RECTANGLE command automates the process of creating a square or rectangle. At least two methods are generally provided for constructing a rectangle.

15. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 15 Drawing Commands The POLYGON command generates a regular polygon. This command can create an object with three or more sides. regular polygon

16. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 16 Drawing Commands The TEXT command adds text to a drawing. Most CADD packages provide several standard text fonts to choose from.

17. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 17 Drawing Commands The HATCH command is used to hatch an area of a drawing. Hatching is used in section views and as exterior building materials and topographical features.

18. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 18 Editing and Inquiry Commands Editing commands allow you to modify drawings in several ways.Editing commands Inquiry commands list database records; calculate distances, areas, and perimeters; and convert points to absolute coordinates.Inquiry commands Editing and inquiry commands include: –ERASE, UNDO, MOVE, COPY, MIRROR, ROTATE, FILLET, CHAMFER, EXTEND, ARRAY, SCALE, LIST, DISTANCE, AREA.

19. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 19 Editing Commands The ERASE command removes selected objects from the drawing. The UNDO command reverses the last command. The MOVE command allows objects to be moved, but does not change orientation or size.

20. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 20 Editing Commands The COPY command is used to place copies of selected objects at specified locations.

21. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 21 Editing Commands The MIRROR command creates a mirror image of an object.

22. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 22 Editing Commands The ROTATE command is used to alter orientation of an object.

23. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 23 Editing Commands The SCALE command changes the size of objects. –Some CADD programs are parametric.parametric The FILLET command places fillets and rounds on the drawing. –A fillet is a smoothly fitted internal arc.fillet –A round is an exterior arc.round

24. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 24 Editing Commands The FILLET command creates fillets and rounds.

25. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 25 Editing Commands The CHAMFER command places a straight line between edges. The EXTEND command is used to lengthen an object to a boundary edge. The ARRAY command makes multiple copies of an object in a rectangular or circular pattern.

26. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 26 Editing Commands This illustration was developed using the ARRAY command.

27. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 27 Inquiry Commands The LIST and PROPERTIES commands show properties related to an object. The DISTANCE command measures the length and angle between two points. The AREA command calculates the area of an enclosed space.

28. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 28 Inquiry Commands The AREA command was used to calculate the area of this enclosed space.

29. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 29 Display Control Commands Display control commands are used to control how a drawing is shown on the screen.Display control commands –They control the position and magnification of the screen window. –They save views for later use. –These commands are used to redraw or “clean up” the screen.

30. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 30 Display Control Commands Display control commands include: –ZOOM –PAN –VIEW –REDRAW –REGENERATE

31. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 31 Display Control Commands The ZOOM command increases or decreases the magnification factor, which changes the apparent size of objects on the screen. The PAN command moves the drawing in the display window from one location to another; it does not change the magnification factor.

32. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 32 Display Control Commands This illustration demonstrates how the PAN command works. (Eric K. Augspurger; print courtesy of SoftPlan Systems, Inc. )

33. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 33 Display Control Commands The VIEW command speeds the process of switching between views. The REDRAW command “cleans up” the display by removing marker blips, etc. The REGENERATE command recalculates objects in the drawing and redraws the screen.

34. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 34 Dimensioning Commands Drawings must show lengths, distances, and angles. One of the advantages of using CADD is automated dimensioning. Basic dimensioning commands include: –LINEAR–RADIUS –ANGULAR–LEADER –DIAMETER

35. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 35 Dimensioning Commands LINEAR: Measures a straight line distance. ANGULAR: Measures the angle between two nonparallel lines. DIAMETER: Measures the distance across a circle through its center. RADIUS: Measures the distance from the center of an arc to a point on the arc. LEADER: Provides for a specific note.

36. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 36 Dimensioning Commands Various dimensions appear on this drawing.

37. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 37 Drawing Aids Drawing aids are designed to speed up the drawing process and maintain accuracy.Drawing aids –Grids range from display grids or viewport ruler to various forms of snap. –Drawing aids commands include GRID, SNAP, and ORTHO.

38. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 38 Drawing Aids GRID. A display grid is a visual guideline in the viewport much like the lines on graph paper. Dots are also used to show the grid.display grid

39. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 39 Drawing Aids SNAP –Snap is a function that allows the cursor to “grab” certain locations on the screen.Snap –Two types: grid snap and object snap.grid snapobject snap ORTHO –Ensures that all lines drawn are orthogonal (vertical or horizontal) in the drawing plane.

40. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 40 Drawing Aids LAYER –A layer is a virtual piece of paper on which objects are placed.layer –Objects on layers may or may not be visible. –Managing layers is a function of CADD. –Layers may or may not be plotted. –Layer naming/usage standards are useful. –Consistency is very important.

41. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 41 Colors and Linetypes Object display color is an important tool. –Color helps visually catalog objects in a drawing. –Adopt a standard for color usage. The Alphabet of Lines –Always follow the Alphabet of Lines. –Linetypes are assigned to objects. –Linetypes may be assigned by layer.

42. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 42 Blocks and Attributes Blocks are special objects (symbols) inserted into the drawing.Blocks –Blocks save time by reducing work. –A symbols library is a collection of blocks.symbols library An attribute is text information saved with a block when it is inserted into a drawing.attribute –Attributes can be assigned when the block is created.

43. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 43 Blocks and Attributes This window block contains attributes, which have values assigned.

44. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 44 Blocks and Attributes This is the AutoCAD command sequence for inserting the block shown in the previous slide and assigning attribute values.

45. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 45 3D Drawing and Viewing Commands Early CADD programs were 2D only. 3D capabilities were added later. –Isometric and perspective drawings. –3D modeling capabilities. 3D modeling capabilities allow you to design, model, and analyze an object within the computer.

46. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 46 Isometric Drawing An isometric drawing is a traditional 2D pictorial drawing. It shows a 3D representation, but is really two dimensional. (Eric K. Augspurger)

47. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 47 3D Modeling A type of 3D drawing is called 3D modeling. This is “true” 3D where objects are created with a width, depth, and height.3D modeling (Eric K. Augspurger)

48. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 48 3D Modeling Two basic types: surface and solid. Surface modeling draws a skin over a wireframe.Surface modeling –The skin has no thickness. –A wireframe represents edges on the models.wireframe Solid modeling creates objects by generating a volume.Solid modeling –Can be analyzed for mass, volume, etc.

49. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 49 3D Views CADD software that is 3D-capable typically has a HIDE command to remove lines that are not visible. Most software provides for view rotation to see features better.

50. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 50 Rendering Commands Rendering is the ability to shade or color the model.Rendering –Rendering has traditionally been done by hand. –The MATERIAL command is used to apply surface textures to 3D objects. –The RENDER command is used to “color” the object.

51. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 51 Rendered 3D Drawing This is a very realistic rendering with proper lighting and materials. (Helmuth A. Geiser, Member AIBD)

52. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 52 Animation Commands Animation adds movement to a drawing.Animation –Specialized software is usually required. –Animation uses a series of still images to simulate movement. –The ANIMATE command is used to add movement.

53. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 53 Animation Commands This window has been animated to show it opening and closing. (Eric K. Augspurger)

54. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 54 Glossary 3D Modeling. “True” 3D where objects are created with a width, depth, and height. Animation. A series of still images played sequentially at a very fast rate, such as 30 frames per second; the brain mistakes the small differences as movement. Attribute. Text information saved with the block when it is inserted into a drawing. Blocks. Special objects that can best be thought of as symbols inserted into a drawing.

55. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 55 Glossary Command Line. Where a command can be typed to activate it. Commands. The instructions you provide to software to achieve the end result. Display Control Commands. Used to control how a drawing is displayed on the screen. Display Grid. A visual guideline in the viewport, much like the lines on graph paper. Drawing Aids. Designed to speed up the drawing process and, at the same time, maintain accuracy.

56. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 56 Glossary Drawing Commands. Allow you to create objects on the computer screen. Editing Commands. Allow you to modify drawings in several ways. Fillet. A smoothly fitted internal arc of a specified radius between two lines, arcs, or circles. Grid Snap. Uses an invisible grid; when grid snap is turned on, the cursor “jumps” to the closest snap grid point.

57. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 57 Glossary Inquiry Commands. Designed to list the database records for selected objects; calculate distances, areas, and perimeters; and convert points on the screen to absolute coordinates (or the reverse). Layer. A virtual piece of paper on which CADD objects are placed. All objects on all layers, or sheets of paper, are visible on top of each other. Object Snap. Allows the cursor to “jump” to certain locations on existing objects.

58. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 58 Glossary Parametric. The quality of an object where you can change the base size or any other parameter. Pull-Down Menus. Appear at the top of Windows-based software; used to activate commands. Regular Polygon. An object with sides of equal length and included angles. Rendering. Shading or coloring a 3D model or drawing with shadows, colors, and textures.

59. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 59 Glossary Round. A smoothly fitted external arc of a specified radius between two lines, arcs, or circles. Snap. A function that allows the cursor to “grab on to” certain locations on the screen. Solid Modeling. Creates 3D objects by generating a volume. Surface Modeling. Creates 3D objects by drawing a skin, often over a wireframe.

60. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 60 Glossary Symbols Library. A collection of blocks that are typically related, such as plumbing symbols, bathroom symbols, or electrical symbols. Toolbars. Contain buttons; picking a button activates a particular command. Wireframe. A group of lines that represent the edges of a 3D model, but does not have a skin or “thickness.”