1. General Zoology Unit Six

2. The Amniotic Egg

3. Amniote Skull Types

4. Class Reptilia All five chordate hallmark characteristics
Endoskeleton of bone
Tough, leathery skin covered in scales (claws)
Most are carnivores, but some are herbivores or omnivores
Closed double looped circulatory system with a ventral three chambered heart (one exception)
Respiration entirely with lungs
Regulatory ectotherms

5. Class Reptilia
Excretion through metanephric kidneys, with uric acid as the form of nitrogenous waste
Nervous system of brain and dorsal nerve cord - all five senses well developed in various groups
Reproduction - dioecious, internal fertilizers that produce amniotic eggs
Most are tetrapods

6. Reptilian Evolutionary Pressures
Water retention and conservation
Food capture
Obtaining oxygen
More efficient circulation
Limb and muscle design
Advanced sensory abilities
Reproduction

7. Reptilian Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Reptilia (7100 species)
Subclass Anapsida
Order Testudines
Ex. - Terrapene, Chelonia

8. Reptilian Taxonomy Class Reptilia (7100 species) Subclass Diapsida
Superorder Lepidosauria
Order Squamata (snakes, lizards)
Suborder Amphisbaenia
Ex. - Rhineura
Suborder Lacertilia
Ex. - Crotaphytus, Sceloporus
Suborder Serpentes
Ex. - Crotalus, Lampropeltis

9. Reptilian Taxonomy Class Reptilia (7100 species) Subclass Diapsida
Superorder Archosauria
Order Crocodilia
Ex. - Alligator, Caiman
Order Saurischia
Suborder Theropoda (bird ancestors)
Subclass Synapsida
Order Therapsida (mammal ancestors)

10. Order
Testudines

11. Order
Squamata

12. Suborder
Amphisbaenia

13. Suborder Serpentes

14. Suborder
Serpentes

15. Suborder Lacertilia

16. Order Crocodilia

17. Order Crocodilia

18. Order Crocodilia

19. General Zoology Unit Six Objective Seven

22. Class Aves All five chordate hallmark characteristics
Anatomy highly adapted for flight
Endoskeleton made of pneumatic bones
Short body with a disproportionately long neck
Paired appendages (the first pair being wings)
Body covered with feathers (except lower legs)
Closed, double looped circulatory system with a four chambered heart

23. Class Aves
Respiration entirely with lungs in conjunction with air sacs
All are homeothermic endotherms
Excretion carried out by paired metanephric kidneys with uric acid the form of nitrogenous waste (no urinary bladder)
Nervous system with dorsal brain and nerve cord - excellent sense of sight
Reproductively dioecious, internal fertilizers that lay amniotic eggs

24. Avian Origins

25. Avian Origins

26. Avian Origins

27. Avian Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Aves (9600 species)
Subclass Archaeornithes
Ex. - Archaeopteryx

28. Avian Taxonomy Class Aves (9600 species) Subclass Neornithes
Superorder Paleognathae (ratites)
Order Struthioniformes (ostriches)
Order Rheiformes (rheas)
Order Casuariiformes (emus and cassowaries)
Order Apterygiformes (kiwis)

29. Avian Taxonomy Class Aves (9600 species) Subclass Neornithes
Superorder Neognathae
Order Sphenisciformes (penguins)
Order Pelecaniformes (pelicans)
Order Ciconiiformes (herons, storks)
Order Anseriformes (ducks, geese)
Order Falconiformes (falcons, eagles)

30. Avian Taxonomy Class Aves (9600 species) Subclass Neornithes
Superorder Neognathae
Order Galliformes (chickens, turkeys)
Order Charadriiformes (gulls, terns)
Order Columbriformes (pigeons, doves)
Order Psittaciformes (parrots)
Order Strigiformes (owls)

31. Avian Taxonomy Class Aves (9600 species) Subclass Neornithes
Superorder Neognathae
Order Apodiformes (hummingbirds)
Order Piciformes (woodpeckers)
Order Passeriformes (perching birds)

32. Feather Structure
Rachis
Calamus

33. Feather Types

34. Adaptations for Flight

35. Avian Wing Design

36. Avian
Digestion

37. Avian Digestion

38. Avian
Circulation

39. General Zoology Unit Six Objective Sixteen

40. Avian
Respiration

41. Avian
Respiration

42. Avian Thermoregulation

43. Avian Coordination

44. Avian
Coordination

45. Avian Migration
Three main causes:
Genetic
Physiological
Environmental

46. General Zoology Unit Six Objective Twenty

47. Avian Reproduction known species are monogamous are polygamous
† 90% of all
known species
are monogamous
† The other 10%
are polygamous

48. Avian Reproduction
† Altricial
† Precocial

49. Class Mammalia All five chordate hallmark characteristics
Skin produces hair and claws
Endoskeleton made of bone
Teeth specializations for exploitation of food
All have a secondary palate
Respiration carried out entirely by lungs
Closed, double looped circulatory system with a four chambered heart

50. Class Mammalia All are tetrapods All are homeothermic endotherms
Excretion carried out by paired metanephric kidneys with urea the form of nitrogenous waste
Nervous system with dorsal brain and nerve cord - excellent sense of sight
Reproductively dioecious, internal fertilizers with aminotic eggs and milk production

51. Mammal Origins

52. Mammal Origins

53. Mammal Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Mammalia (4600 species)
Subclass Prototheria
Order Monotremata (oviparous mammals)
Ex. – Ornithorhynchus

54. Mammal Taxonomy Class Mammalia (4600 species) Subclass Theria
Infraclass Metatheria (viviparous pouched mammals)
Order Marsupialia
Ex. - Didelphis

55. Mammal Taxonomy Class Mammalia (4600 species) Subclass Theria
Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous placental mammals)
Order Insectivora (shrews)
Order Chiroptera (bats)
Order Primates (humans, monkeys, apes)
Order Xenarthra (armadillos, sloths)

56. Mammal Taxonomy Class Mammalia (4600 species) Subclass Theria
Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous placental mammals)
Order Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares)
Order Rodentia (rats, squirrels, beavers)
Order Carnivora (dogs, cats, bears, seals)
Order Proboscidea (elephants)

57. Mammal Taxonomy Class Mammalia (4600 species) Subclass Theria
Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous placental mammals)
Order Sirenia (manatees)
Order Perissodactyla (odd toed ungulates)
Order Artiodactyla (even toed ungulates)
Order Cetacea (whales, dolphins)

58. Mammal Integument

59. Mammal Integument
Pelage
* guard hairs
* underhairs
* vibrissae
Underhairs
* wool
* fur
* velli
Guard hairs
* awns
* bristles
* spines
Growth types
* angora
* definitive

60. Mammal Integument

61. Antlers

62. Mammal Dentition

63. Mammal Digestion

64. Evolution of the Mammalian Jaw and Inner Ear

65. Mammal Coordination

66. Mammal
Circulation

67. Mammal
Respiration

68. Mammal Excretion

69. Mammal Reproduction
Three reproductive strategies
* monotremes (oviparous)
* marsupials (pouched
viviparous)
* placentals (placental

70. Monotremes - egg laying mammals with a cloaca
Mammal Reproduction
Monotremes - egg laying mammals with a cloaca

71. Mammal Reproduction
Marsupials - pouched, viviparous mammals with a very short gestation period

72. Placentals - viviparous mammals with a long gestation period
Mammal Reproduction
Placentals - viviparous mammals with a long gestation period