2. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Chapter 3: Personal, Social, and Emotional Development : Ed Psych 202 Dr. Bauer

3. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Overview The Work of Erikson Understanding Ourselves and Others Moral Development Socialization: Family, Peers, and Teachers Challenges for Children

4. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Concept Map for Chapter 3 Understanding Ourselves and Others Challenges for Children Moral Development The Work of Erikson Personal, Social, and Emotional Development Socialization: Family, Peers, and Teachers Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon

5. The Work of Erikson Psychosocial theory of development Developmental crisis Eight stages

6. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Erikson’s Stages: Preschool Years Trust / Mistrust: birth to 12-18 months - feeding Autonomy / Shame & Doubt: 18 months to 3 years – toilet training Initiative / Guilt: 3 to 6 years - independence

7. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Erikson’s Stages : Elementary and Middle School Years Industry / Inferiority: 6 to 12 years - school

8. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Erikson’s Stages : Adolescence Identity / Role Confusion Peer relationships “Who am I?” James Marcia’s work on identity statuses –Achievement –Foreclosure –Diffusion –Moratorium

9. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Erikson’s Stages : Beyond the School Years Intimacy / Isolation: Young adulthood – love relationships Generativity / Stagnation: Middle Adulthood – parenting/ mentoring Ego integrity / Despair: Late adulthood – reflecting on and acceptance of ones life See Table 3.1, Woolfolk, page 65

10. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon How Erikson’s Theory Can Help Teachers Initiative: –Allow limited choices that will often result in success –Encourage make believe –Be tolerant of mistakes Industry: –Help students set and achieve realistic goals –Allow and support opportunities to be independent See Guidelines, Woolfolk, p. 67

11. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon How Erikson’s Theory Can Help Teachers Identity: –Supply a variety of positive role models –Help with resources to solve personal problems –Be tolerant of fads if they don’t offend others or interfere with teaching –Give students realistic feedback about themselves See Guidelines, Woolfolk, p. 70

12. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Overview of Erikson: Birth through School Age Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon

13. Understanding Ourselves & Others

14. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Self-Concept & Self-Esteem Self-concept: Picture of yourself Self-esteem: Opinion of yourself Multiple concepts of self Development of self-esteem –Peer influences –Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect –Little-Fish-Big-Pond Effect

15. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Sample Self-Concept Structure Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon

16. Self-Concept & Self-Esteem School life and self-esteem: link with achievement Gender, ethnicity, and self-esteem –Elementary comparisons little difference –9 th grade, girls generally lower self-esteem –Math/science difference favor boys –Differences are small but consistent Personal & collective self-esteem Self and others –Intention –Perspective taking

17. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Encouraging Self-Esteem Safe-to-Fail environment that values all students Know yourself & your biases Be intellectually honest Set clear goals for teacher & student Value cultural diversity in your students See Table 3.3, Woolfolk p. 74 and Family and Community Partnerships, p. 76

18. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Moral Development

19. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon A Moral Dilemma

20. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Sharon Sharon is a student in a math class. Her parents often become abusive when she gets bad grades. She has not been doing very well and is considering cheating on an upcoming math test. Should she cheat on the exam? Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon

21. Kohlberg’s Stages Pre-conventional –1: Avoid punishment –2: Personal gain Conventional –3: Good boy / Nice girl –4: Law & order Post-conventional –5: Social contract –6: Universal ethical principles

22. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Alternatives to Kohlberg Criticisms: –Hard stages –Moral issues versus social conventions –Western male cultural bias Morality of Caring: Carol Gilligan’s work

23. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Moral Behavior Behavior tends to follow moral reasoning stages Internalizing moral rules Individual differences in views of cheating Aggression versus assertiveness Victims See Guidelines, Woolfolk, p. 84

24. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Socialization: Family, Peers, and Teachers Both parents working Single parent families Latchkey kids Blended families Divorce & effects on children Peer relationships – friends See Woolfolk, Guidelines, p. 86, and Point▼Counterpoint, p. 88-89

25. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon New Role for Teachers Teachers may be best source for problem solutions Caring, firm classroom structure Clear limits, enforced rules Respect students Show genuine concern See Guidelines, Woolfolk, p. 90

26. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Challenges for Children Physical development –Fine & gross motor skills in early grades –Physical growth differences in elementary grades Adolescence & puberty –Gender differences –Early and late bloomers

27. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Navigating Transitions Young children starting school Influence of quality pre-school and kindergarten programs Middle grades transition Self-concept / self-esteem Teacher teams Interdisciplinary curriculum

28. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Children and Youth At-Risk Child abuse* Teenage sexuality and pregnancy Eating disorders Drug abuse Suicide *See Table 3.7, Woolfolk, p. 96

29. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Helping At-Risk Kids Listen! Observe Get help Get special training Do something! Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon

30. Summary The Work of Erikson Understanding Ourselves and Others Moral Development Socialization: Family, Peers, and Teachers Challenges for Children

31. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Review Questions Why is Erikson’s theory considered a psychosocial perspective? What are Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development? Distinguish between self-concept and self-esteem. How do self-concept and self-esteem change as children develop? How do perspective-taking skills change as students mature?

32. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Review Questions What are the key differences among Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning? Describe Gilligan’s levels of moral reasoning. What influences moral behavior? What challenges face children whose parents are divorced? Why are peer relations important?

33. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Review Questions How do students develop physically during the elementary years? Describe the worlds of the late-maturing adolescent boy and girl. What are key transitions for students? What are some danger signs of child abuse, eating disorders, and potential for suicide?

34. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon One of Bill’s Stories: Let’s Hear the Birds Sing