1. Unit 4.1 Review

2. Essential Question # 1 What are the structures that make up the human heart and how are they organized?

3. Essential Question # 2: How do the heart and lungs work together to pick up and deliver oxygen to the cells?
The cardiovascular system is responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes
The pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to unload CO2 and pick up O2
The systemic circulation carries blood throughout the body

4. Mechanism for Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide transport in the Blood (remember, it’s all based on the gases’ partial pressure)

5. space Plasma Red blood cell Pulmonary capillary Alveolar air O2 pickupHb Hb O2 O2 O2
Alveolar
air
space O2
O2 pickup

6. space Plasma Red blood cells Pulmonary capillary Alveolar airHb Hb O2 Hb O2 O2 O2
Alveolar
air
space O2
Systemic
capillary
O2 pickup
O2 delivery

7. tissues space Plasma Red blood cells Cells in peripheral Pulmonary
capillary Hb Hb O2 Hb O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 Hb
Alveolar
air
space O2
Systemic
capillary
O2 pickup
O2 delivery

8. Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood

9. CO2
CO2
Systemic
capillary
CO2 pickup

10. H2CO3
CO2
H2O Hb
CO2 Hb
CO2
Systemic
capillary
CO2 pickup

11. Chloride shift Systemic capillary
HCO3–
H+ + HCO3–
Cl– Hb
H2CO3 Hb H+
CO2
H2O Hb
CO2 Hb
CO2
Systemic
capillary
CO2 pickup

12. Chloride shift Systemic capillary
Cl–
Pulmonary
capillary
Chloride
shift
HCO3–
HCO3–
H+ + HCO3–
Cl– Hb
H2CO3 Hb H+
CO2
H2O
CO2 Hb
CO2 Hb
CO2 Hb
CO2
Systemic
capillary
CO2 delivery
CO2 pickup

13. Chloride shift Systemic capillary
Cl–
Pulmonary
capillary
Chloride
shift
HCO3–
HCO3– Hb
H+ + HCO3–
Cl–
H+ + HCO3– Hb Hb H+
H2CO3
H2CO3 Hb H+
CO2
CO2
H2O
CO2
H2O
CO2 Hb
CO2 Hb
CO2 Hb
CO2
Systemic
capillary
CO2 delivery
CO2 pickup

14. Chloride shift Systemic capillary
Cl–
Pulmonary
capillary
Chloride
shift
HCO3–
HCO3– Hb
H+ + HCO3–
Cl–
H+ + HCO3– Hb Hb H+
H2CO3
H2CO3 Hb H+
CO2
CO2
H2O
CO2
H2O
CO2 Hb Hb
CO2 Hb
CO2 Hb
CO2
Systemic
capillary
CO2 delivery
CO2 pickup

15. Essential Question # 3 What is the pathway that blood takes as it passes through the heart?

16. Essential Question # 4 What is the function of valves in the heart?
To prevent the backflow of blood.
The A-V valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria
The semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles

17. The valves of the heart

18. The valves of the heart

19. Essential Question # 5 How does the structure of arteries and veins relate to their functions?
Blood Vessel Review
Arteries carry blood away from the heart
High pressure
Pulmonary trunk to lungs
Aorta to everything else
Microcirculation is where exchange occurs
Arterioles to feed the capillaries
Capillaries exchange with the tissues
Venules to receive capillary blood
Veins bring it back to the heart
Low pressure

20. How does the structure of arteries and veins relate to their functions?

21. Autopsy Report
Pacemaker: issues with heart rhythm require a pacemaker to maintain a normal rhythm
Enlarged heart: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
L.V. works too hard and becomes overly thick
Due to high blood pressure and obesity
Coronary arteries can cut off the blood supply to the heart
Linked to heart attacks, arrhythmias, and heart failure

22. Autopsy Report Mitral Valve Prolapse Atherosclerosis
Mitral valve doesn’t close properly
It can lead to mitral valve regurgitation (some blood flows back into the L.A.)
Complications include arrhythmias and heart valve infection (endocarditis)
Atherosclerosis
The formation of plaques on the inside of vessels.
Excess of cholesterol deposited on the inside of arteries supplying both the heart and the brain
Complications include heart attack and stroke
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Plaques are beginning to form in the vessels of the legs
Stent in LAD
Coronary arteries are blocked and stent opens up the vessels to allow for blood flow