1. Nano 101: Exploring the Nanoworld
Because of movies, increase slide number by 7 when trying to estimate timing
So if I want a 45 minute talk, and generally I would want 45 slides, because of the movies I now need 38 slides
Lizzie Hager-Barnard, Lawrence Hall of Science

2. Topics What is nano? How do properties change at the nanoscale?
Are nano products safe?
What are some careers related to nanotechnology?

3. Intro to Nano

4. How Small is Nano?

5. What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at unprecedentedly small scales to create new or improved products that can be used in a wide variety of ways.

6. Nanotechnology: Small, Different, New
Key ideas:
The nanometer is extremely small.
At the nanometer scale, materials may behave differently.
We can harness this new behavior to make new technologies.

7. Why Nano Education? Drawbacks Advantages
Not inherently interesting (compared to dinosaurs!)
Below visible threshold, younger kids have problems visualizing
Unexpected properties
Fun!
Breaks down disciplinary boundaries
Cutting-edge
Relevant to future jobs and careers

8. Nano Not Widely Understood
National Science Board's Science and Engineering Indicators 2012 “24% of Americans report having heard ‘a lot’ or ‘some’ about nanotechnology, up four percentage points from 2008 and 2006” “44% of Americans report having heard ‘nothing at all’ about nanotechnology”
Americans remain largely unfamiliar with nano- technology, despite increased funding and a growing numbers of products on the market that use nanotechnology.
In Europe, 45% of survey respondents said they had heard of nanotechnology on the 2010 Eurobarometer, which described nanotechnology in terms of consumer product applications. Overall, 44% of Europeans agreed that nanotechnology should be encouraged, 35% disagreed, and 22% had no opinion about this issue (Gaskell et al. 2010).
National Science Board's Science and Engineering Indicators 2012

9. An Interdisciplinary Endeavor
Chemistry
Biology
Physics
Engineering
Nanoscience
& Nanotechnology
Medicine
Materials Science
Biotechnology
Information Technology

10. What is Nano?

11. How Big is a Nanometer?

12. How Big is a Nanometer?

13. How Big is a Nanometer?

14. How Big is a Nanometer?

15. How Big is a Nanometer?

16. How Big is a Nanometer?

17. How Big is a Nanometer?

18. How Big is a Nanometer?

19. How Big is a Nanometer?

20. How Big is a Nanometer?

21. How Big is a Nanometer?

22. How Big is a Nanometer?
In the time it takes to read this sentence, your fingernails will have grown approximately one nanometer (1 nm).

23. How Big is a Nanometer?
If you could paint a teaspoon of paint one nanometer thick, how much area would it cover? ?
A football field is 5400 m^2. This takes L of pain, which is equal to roughly 1 teaspoon!
Joon Han and Justin Smith / Wikimedia Commons

24. How Big is a Nanometer?
If you could paint a teaspoon of paint one nanometer thick, how much area would it cover?
A football field is 5400 m^2. This takes L of pain, which is equal to roughly 1 teaspoon!
Joon Han, Justin Smith, Kbh3rd, The Anomebot, Pete Markham / Wikimedia Commons

25. How Big is a Nanometer?
To cover a football field with a 1nm thick layer of paint, you would need just 1 teaspoon of paint!
Joon Han and Justin Smith / Wikimedia Commons

26. How Big is a Nanometer? Sugar cubes
How many sugar molecules in a sugar cube?
What do we need to know (estimate)?
Sugar cube = (1 cm)3
1 sugar molecule = (1 nm)3
\ 1021 sugar molecules in a sugar cube
Biswarup Ganguly / Wikimedia Commons

27. Activity: Measure Yourself

28. Did Scientists “Create” Nano?
No, it was already in nature!
Heart and blood vessel
Blood cell and platelet
Cholesterol particle, proteins, other molecules
centimeters to micrometers
micrometers
nanometers

29. Did Scientists “Create” Nano?
No, it was already in nature!
Wing and wing scale
Wing scale
Scale ridge, ridge microrib, chitin fibrils and molecules
centimeters to micrometers
micrometers
nanometers

30. Smallness Leads to New Properties
Sometimes gravity loses!

31. Smallness Leads to New Properties
Surface area is really important!

32. Surface Areas at the Nanoscale
1 cm cubes
1 mm cubes
1 nm cubes

33. How Surface Area Scales (Changes)
For a fixed total volume, decreasing the radius by a factor of two doubles the surface
Crushing a 1cm particle into nano particles increases the surface area thousands of times!

34. How Surface Area Scales (Changes)
1 nm particles  1010 m2
1 micron particles  107 m2
1 cm particles  103 m2
nano

35. Smallness Leads to New Properties
Bulk Gold
Bulk Aluminum
Reactivity
Melting point
Strength
Conductivity
Color
Nano Gold
Nano Aluminum

36. Nano and Me - Aluminum

37. Stained Glass: Size Matters
Gold particles

38. Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter
For particle diameters between ap- proximately 100 and 30 nm (i.e., for particles containing between approximately 30 million and 1 million gold atoms) the particles change from red or yellow, to green or blue. the particle’s color is determined by its size. Quite amazingly, these colored gold particles have been known since the Middle Ages, when they were used to make beautiful colors in stained glass windows.
it is only in the last few years that we have begun to understand the size-de- pendent changes that occur in gold and other metallic nanoparticles. the size of a nanoparticle determines the character of its surface plasmons, a type of collective motion of the electrons within the particle that gives rise to its color. the strong dependence of the particle’s characteristics (in this case its color) on the size of the particle is one of the key features of nanoscience. With our understanding of the nature of the color changes comes the opportunity to tune the particles to achieve the behavior we desire.
Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photons, 2007

39. Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter
For particle diameters between ap- proximately 100 and 30 nm (i.e., for particles containing between approximately 30 million and 1 million gold atoms) the particles change from red or yellow, to green or blue. the particle’s color is determined by its size. Quite amazingly, these colored gold particles have been known since the Middle Ages, when they were used to make beautiful colors in stained glass windows.
it is only in the last few years that we have begun to understand the size-de- pendent changes that occur in gold and other metallic nanoparticles. the size of a nanoparticle determines the character of its surface plasmons, a type of collective motion of the electrons within the particle that gives rise to its color. the strong dependence of the particle’s characteristics (in this case its color) on the size of the particle is one of the key features of nanoscience. With our understanding of the nature of the color changes comes the opportunity to tune the particles to achieve the behavior we desire.
Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photons, 2007

40. Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter
For particle diameters between ap- proximately 100 and 30 nm (i.e., for particles containing between approximately 30 million and 1 million gold atoms) the particles change from red or yellow, to green or blue. the particle’s color is determined by its size. Quite amazingly, these colored gold particles have been known since the Middle Ages, when they were used to make beautiful colors in stained glass windows.
it is only in the last few years that we have begun to understand the size-de- pendent changes that occur in gold and other metallic nanoparticles. the size of a nanoparticle determines the character of its surface plasmons, a type of collective motion of the electrons within the particle that gives rise to its color. the strong dependence of the particle’s characteristics (in this case its color) on the size of the particle is one of the key features of nanoscience. With our understanding of the nature of the color changes comes the opportunity to tune the particles to achieve the behavior we desire.
Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photons, 2007

41. Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter
Particle shape also affects the color!
The nanoparticles in the yellow sample are spherical in shape, while the particles in the order magenta, orange, green, light blue, and dark blue colored samples are nanoplatelets of increasing aspect ratios.

42. Activity: Nano Fabric and Magic Sand

43. nano-roughened surface
Activity: Nano Fabric
water
air
nano-roughened surface

44. Zoom into a Lotus Leaf

45. Activity: Nano Sunblock
Some sunscreen use chemicals
Other sunscreens use zinc oxide
vitaderminstitute.com/

46. Sunscreens vs Sunblocks, Continued
How could sunscreen and sunblock work?
Sunscreen/Sunblock
Sunscreen/Sunblock
Sunscreen/Sunblock
Skin
Skin
Skin
Absorption
Reflection
Transmission 46

47. Sunscreens vs Sunblocks, Continued
How could sunscreen and sunblock work?
Sunscreen/Sunblock
Sunscreen/Sunblock
Sunscreen/Sunblock
Skin
Skin
Skin
Absorption
Reflection
Transmission
Sunscreens and sunblocks both usually work through absorption of UV rays
Sunblocks are better because they absorb more of the UV rays 47

48. Inorganic Sunblocks Absorb UV Better
ideal
UVB
UVA
visible
most UVC is absorbed by the ozone layer and does not reach the earth 48

49. Nano Sunblock Traditional zinc oxide sun blocks are very visible
Should see if I can demo this myself
Traditional zinc oxide sun blocks are very visible
Modern zinc oxide sun blocks are fairly invisible after application
vitaderminstitute.com/

50. Nano Sunblock Same black:white ratio
Can see larger white circles much better

51. Particles need to be really small to be less noticeable!
Nano Sunblock
Particles need to be really small to be less noticeable!

52. Nano ZnO and TiO2 Reflect Less Light
UVB
UVA
visible
ideal 52

53. Similar to Halftone Printing

54. Activity: Gummy Capsules
When the liquid droplets come into contact with the salt water, a chemical reaction takes place and creates a polymer.

55. What’s a Polymer?
Polymers are made up of many many molecules all strung together to form really long chains (and sometimes more complicated structures, too).
Examples of polymers
Where do you find polymers?

56. Activity: Graphene

57. Forms of Carbon Phase can be really important!
Diamond
Graphite
Graphene
Nanotube
Buckyball
Diamond Graphite
Phase can be really important!
Structure/bonding really affect properties
Diamond is one of the hardest materials
Graphite is soft and slippery; it’s a good lubricant

58. Activity: Mitten Challenge

59. Why We Need “Special” Microscopes
Can you see nanoscale objects with a regular optical microscope?
Let’s say that the smallest object you can resolve with your eyes is about 0.1 – 0.2 mm which is 100,000 – 200,000 nm
With a 100x objective, you should be able to resolve objects that are 1000 – 2000 nm
So, with a 1000x objective, we should be able to resolve objects that are 100 – 200nm, right?

60. Why We Need “Special” Microscopes
Can you see nanoscale objects with a regular optical microscope?
100 nm
particle
Particles on the nanoscale interact differently with light!

61. Diffraction Limit Diffraction Model
Affects characterization techniques
Also important for photolithography

62. Types of “Special” Microscopes
Optical microscope
Scanning electron microscope
Transmission electron microscope
SEMs can resolve things 1-5nm; SEMs: 10x – 500kx  in SEM you usually see the secondary electrons that are produced (not really the same as reflection)
SEMs and TEMs are different because they use electrons, not light
For regular microscopes, you can also look at reflection and transmission

63. Types of “Special” Microscopes
Scanning electron microscope
Transmission electron microscope
SEMs can resolve things 1-5nm; SEMs: 10x – 500kx  in SEM you usually see the secondary electrons that are produced (not really the same as reflection)
SEMs and TEMs are different because they use electrons, not light
For regular microscopes, you can also look at reflection and transmission

64. Activity: Special Microscopes

65. A Boy And His Atom: The World's Smallest Movie

66. Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)
Also have downloaded file

67. Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)
Images of a fibroblast cell from an optical microscope (using fluorescence) and an atomic force microscope
Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) is a branch of microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. SPM was founded with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981.
A fibroblast is a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen,[1] the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals.

68. What Can You Do with SPM?
Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”)
Measure roughness

69. What Can You Do with SPM?
Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”)
Measure roughness
Measure electrical/chemical properties
Müller et al. Nature Chemical Biology 2009
Müller and Dufrêne Nature Nanotechnology 2008

70. What Can You Do with SPM?
Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”)
Measure roughness
Measure electrical/chemical properties
Measure material properties (elasticity, strength)
cancer cell
normal cell
Cross Nature 2007

71. What Can You Do with SPM?
all cells
Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”)
Measure roughness
Measure electrical/chemical properties
Measure material properties (elasticity, strength)
cancer cells
normal cells
Cross Nature 2007

72. What Can You Do with SPM?
Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”)
Measure roughness
Measure electrical/chemical properties
Measure material properties (elasticity, strength)
Move atoms!

73. Silver: Great Idea! Used to prevent spoilage throughout history
1800’s: silver used for ulcers
1920’s: used in wound management
Multiple studies found it prevents and inhibits the growth of bacteria

74. Nano Silver Products

75. Silver: Always a Good Idea?
Overdose of macro silver causes Argyria
Inhibits “good bacteria”
Prevents photosynthesis in algae
Toxicity of nano silver still unknown

76. Wonders and Worries of Nano

77. Consumer Products with Nano
Any technology has risks and benefits
Who should make decisions about whether to use certain nanotechnologies?
Should doctors use nanosilver catheters to prevent infections?
What about using a nanosilver washing machine?

78. Would you use a dangerous technology?
Gasoline can be dangerous, too!
To make gas safer, there are regulations for producing, transporting and using it safely
How can we think ahead so we reduce the risks associate with new nanotechnologies?

79. Applications of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology could change how we create, transmit, store, and use energy
Examples:
super-efficient batteries, low-resistance transmission lines, cheaper solar cells
New flexible, thin film solar cells are easier to produce and install, use less material, and are cheaper to make

80. Nanofiltration for Clean Water
In many places, people do not have access to clean water
Nanofiltration systems are a promising solution to this problem

81. Nanofiltration for Clean Water
I shortened this video using QuickTime

82. Nanofiltration for Clean Water

83. An Interdisciplinary Endeavor
Physics
Engineering
Chemistry
Nanoscience
& Nanotechnology
Medicine
Biotechnology
Materials Science
Biology
Information Technology

84. Do You Love Nano, Too?