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Chapter 9 Let Your Motto Be Resistance, 1833-1850
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I. A Rising Tide: Racism & Violence
Increased racism and violence, Met with growing abolitionist militancy Manifest Destiny Legitimized war for territorial expansion Defined progress in racial terms White people are a superior race Nativism Scientific justification Continued enslavement of black people Extermination of Indians
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Anti-black and Anti-abolitionist Riots
Urban riots pre-dated abolition Increased as abolitionism gained strength, 1830s-1840s Philanthropist, 1836 and 1841 Providence, Rhode Island New York City See Map 9-1 and Figure 9-1
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Texas and War with Mexico
Texas annexation divided the nation Fear of adding another slave state Political parties avoided the issue Manifest Destiny and “54-40 or Fight” James K. Polk wanted Texas and Oregon Texas annexed in 1845 War with Mexico, Polk provoked war
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Texas and War with Mexico (cont.)
Mexican Cession Wilmot Proviso Slavery expansion California gold Compromise of 1850 Stronger fugitive slave law Personal liberty laws Prigg v. Pennsylvania
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II. The Response of the Antislavery Movement
Race-related violence increased Created difficulties Setting policies White abolitions set policy Abolitionist commitment to non-violence weakened Limited options
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The American Anti-Slavery Society
AASS, 1831 Black men participated without formal restrictions Rarely held positions of authority William Lloyd Garrison Immediate, uncompensated emancipation Equal rights for African Americans
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Black and Women’s Anti-slavery Societies
Fundraising Main task Bake sales, bazaars, and fairs Feminism Created an awareness of women’s rights Challenged male culture Essays, poems, speeches Sojourner Truth See PROFILE
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The Black Convention Movement
First convention, Philadelphia, 1831 Local, state, and national black conventions Provided a forum for black male abolitionists Abolition of slavery Improve conditions for northern black people Integrate public schools Black suffrage Juries Testify against white people in court
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III. Black Community Institutions
Free black communities Fivefold increase, Gradual emancipation and individual manumission Provided resources Churches, schools, and benevolent organizations Provided the foundations for black anti-slavery institutions
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Black Churches Leading black abolitionists often ministers
Used pulpits to attack slavery and racial hatred Provided meeting places for abolitionists Forum for speakers
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Black Newspapers Important voice in abolition movement
Freedom’s Journal Samuel Cornish North Star Frederick Douglass Financial difficulties
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IV. Moral Suasion Reform strategy Appeal to Christian conscience
Support abolition and racial justice Slaveholding was a sin Sexual exploitation, unrestrained brutality Northerners’ guilt Government protected slaveholder interests Cloth manufactures Fugitive Slave Act of 1798
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Moral Suasion (cont.) AASS Used moral arguments against slave owners
Ultimately failed Great Postal Campaign Sent anti-slavery literature to the South Petitions to Congress To end slavery in Washington, D.C.
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Moral Suasion (cont.) Reactions Southern response Northern response
Southern postmasters censored mail Vigilantes attacked antislavery supporters Gag Rule, 1836 Northern response Mobs attacked abolitionists Disrupted meetings, destroyed newspaper presses Elijah P. Lovejoy
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V. The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
Divided by failure of moral suasion AASS splintered in 1840 Role of women in abolitionism Garrison’s increasing radicalism Members form the AFASS Lewis Tappan Liberty party First antislavery political party James G. Birney, 1840
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VI. A More Aggressive Abolitionism
Growing northern empathy for slaves Labor demands sent slaves to the Southwest Radical wing of Liberty party Constitution supported slave resistance Encouraged northerners to help slaves escape The Amistad and the Creole The Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman See Map 9-2 Canada West
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VII. Black Militancy Too much talk and not enough action
More black abolitionists consider forceful action Weak loyalty to national organizations Influenced by rebellious slaves Many black abolitionists wanted to do more, 1840s-1850s Charged white abolitionists with duplicity Lewis Tappan William Lloyd Garrison
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VIII. Frederick Douglass
Born a slave, 1818 Learned to read Developed a trade Escaped in 1838 Antislavery lecturer, 1841 Encouraged by Garrison Breaks with Garrison in 1847 North Star, 1847 Endorsed the New York Liberty party, 1851
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IX. Black Nationalism African-American migration and black nationalism
Best means to realize black aspirations Violence Convinced a small few to advocate emigration Martin R. Delany See VOICES Henry Highland Garnett See PROFILE Douglass and other black abolitionists rejected Wanted freedom in the Unites States
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X. Conclusion From gradual to immediate abolition of slavery
Adjust antislavery tactics to meet rising violence Combined approach Moral suasion Political involvement Direct action Movement to black nationalism Promote interests, rights, and identity
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