1. Chapter 14 Examination Review

2. The capacity to do work is referred to as

3. Energy

4. A substance in the physical environment that has value to human beings is

5. A resource

6. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, humans relied mostly on what kind of power?

7. Animate

8. Plant material, vegetation, or agricultural waste used as a fuel or energy source. Before the Industrial Revolution, the most important source of fuel was

9. Biomass

10. Finite resources, unevenly Distributed around the world, and are from plants and Animals buried millions of years ago describe

11. Fossil Fuels

12. The most common energy source for home heat and hot water is

13. Natural Gas

14. Most nonrenewable energy sources are

15. Formed very slowly

16. The amount of energy in fields not yet identified but thought to exist is a

17. Potential Reserve

18. Unconventional sources of oil like shales and tsar sandstone are accessible only by

19. Damaging the Environment

20. Saudi Arabia has relatively large proven reserves of

21. petroleum

22. Which two countries have relatively large proven reserves of coal?

23. China United States

24. Which two countries are prime examples of countries that consume more energy than they produces? (Hint: One naturally and one for economic reasons)

25. Japan United States

26. In protest of the U.S.’s support for Israel in its 1973 war against Egypt, Jordon, and Syria, during the winter of 1973 – 1974, OPEC members

27. refused to sell petroleum to the United States

28. With increasing demand in LDCs, world petroleum consumption is expected to increase during the next two decades by about __________ %.

29. 50 %

30. List four nonmetallic minerals used for fertilizer:

31. Calcium Potassium Sulfur Phosphorus

32. Greater dependence on coal is likely to occur by expanding use of

33. Electricity

34. North Americans are less dependent than Europeans on nuclear energy primarily because of more abundant

35. Coal Reserves

36. Elaborate safety measures must be taken to store nuclear waste primarily because the waste is

37. Radioactive

38. Most of the nuclear waste in the U. S
Most of the nuclear waste in the U.S. is stored in approximately __________ facilities across the country.

40. The breeder reactor was invented to address the problem that nuclear power depends on scarce _________.

41. Uranium

42. A process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone, and is re-radiated in all direction is called

43. Greenhouse Effect

44. Why is solar energy primarily more expensive than other forms of energy for most consumers?

45. Installation Costs

46. A discharge constitutes pollution if the level is greater than the

47. Environmental Capacity

48. A concentration of a trace substance at a level greater than occurs in the average air constitutes

49. Air Pollution

50. The combination of sulfur oxide with oxygen and water produces

51. Acid Deposition

52. A condition in which sunlight causes nitrogen oxides to react in the atmosphere produces

53. Photochemical smog

54. The possible increase in the Earth’s temperature caused by carbon dioxide trapping radiation is the

55. The Greenhouse Effect

56. The source of air pollution most responsible for damaging trees in Ontario, Canada, and Germany’s Black Forest is

57. Acid Deposition

58. The most significant source of air pollution caused by automobiles is

59. Photochemical smog

60. A gas threatening Earth’s ozone layer is

61. Chlorofluorocarbon
CFCs

62. Steel and chemical industries are major water polluters primarily because they generate large amounts of

63. Wastewater

64. Polluted water threatens the survival of aquatic plants and animals in by enriching the water with excessive

65. Levels of nutrients

66. PCB oils, cyanides, strong solvents, and heavy metals are considered

67. Hazardous Waste

68. Contrary to air and water pollution, solid waste pollution is reduced through concentrating rather than

69. Dispersing Waste

70. The greatest benefit of incinerating solid waste is the production of

71. Electricity

72. One strategy for the reduction of solid waste pollution is separation of different

73. Types of trash

74. A strategy for reducing waste through recycling includes using the waste in

75. production

76. A strategy for reducing the amount of waste generated includes changing the mix of inputs increasing the product to

77. waste ratio

78. An alternative to reducing discharges into the environment is using the environment

79. more efficiently

80. Reduction of biodiversity through species extinction is especially important in

81. Tropical Rain Forests

82. The variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for the entire Earth is called

83. biodiversity

84. A level of organization within the living world that includes both the total array of biological organisms present in a defined area and the chemical-physical factors that influence the plants and animals in it is called an

85. Ecosystem

86. The sustainable use and management of natural resources

87. Conservation

88. Maintenance of resources in their present condition refers to

89. Preservation

90. Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of "needs", in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and the future needs defines

91. United Nations definition of Sustainable Development

92. The World Wildlife Federation claims the world surpassed its sustainable level around ___________.

93. 1980

94. Critics and defenders of sustainable development both agree that more international cooperation is needed to reduce the

95. gap between LDCs and MDCs

96. Estimates of earth’s total number of species range from ___________________.

97. 3 million to 100 million

98. Name three nations that have no land under conservation:

99. Iraq Some former Soviet Republics

100. The study of constraints placed by resources on the level of development is

101. carrying capacity analysis

102. To avoid depleting resources, future generations will need to increase their use of

103. sustainable development

104. Since 1990, ______ consumption has increased slightly more rapidly than the 2% annual growth rate for petroleum.

105. Natural gas