1. MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH THROUGH GOOD NUTRITION
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SECTION 2
MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH THROUGH GOOD NUTRITION
Second semester 14-15
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
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2. Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation
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Chapter 10
Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation
Second semester 14-15
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
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Facts
Good nutrition during the normal pregnancy is essential for both mother and child.
There is a relationship between mother’s diet and health of baby at birth
The woman who consumed a nutritious diet before pregnancy is more apt to bear a healthy infant than one who did not.
Malnutrition of the mother is believed to cause decreased growth and mental retardation in the fetus
The recommended weight gain during pregnancy is kg
(slightly more for underweight women, slightly less for overweight women).
Second semester 14-15
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
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4. Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy
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Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy
The protein requirement is increased by 20% for the pregnant woman
There is no need for increased vitamin A during pregnancy as excessive intake can cause birth defects
eg. (hydrocephaly, microcephaly, mental retardation )
Water soluble vitamins should be increased
Minerals such as calcium, iron, zinc and iodine are all increased during pregnancy.
Calcium is essential for functions such as development of the infant's bones and teeth
Drinking additional milk each day is a good way of providing these nutrients (three cups each day)
An iron supplement is commonly prescribed during pregnancy.
Second semester 14-15
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
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5. Concerns during Pregnancy
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Concerns during Pregnancy
Nausea
Constipation
Heartburn
Pregnancy-induced hypertension
Anemia
Second semester 14-15
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
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6. Nausea Nausea Also known as morning sickness
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Nausea
Nausea
Also known as morning sickness
Occurs most commonly during first trimester
Suggestions:
Eat dry crackers or dry toast before rising
Eat small, frequent meals
Avoid food with offensive odors
Avoid liquids at mealtime
Hyperemesis gravidarum:
Occurs when nausea becomes so severe that it is life-threatening
May require hospitalization and parenteral nutrition
Second semester 14-15
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
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7. Constipation Constipation and hemorrhoids can occur during pregnancy.
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Constipation
Constipation and hemorrhoids can occur during pregnancy.
Suggestions:
Eat high-fiber diet
Participate in daily exercise
Drink at least 8 glasses of water per day
Respond promptly to urge to defecate
Second semester 14-15
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
hjvjbkvv

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Heartburn
Can result from pressure on stomach by growing fetus and relaxation of cardiac sphincter and smooth muscles related to progesterone.
Suggestions:
Eat small, frequent meals
Avoid spicy or greasy foods
Avoid liquids at mealtime
Wait at least one hour after eating to lie down and two hours before exercising
Second semester 14-15
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
hjvjbkvv

9. Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension
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Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension
Formerly known as preeclampsia or toxemia
Sometimes occurs during the third trimester.
Characterized by : ( high blood pressure, presence of albumin in the urine (proteinuria), and edema)
May progress into eclamptic stage with convulsions, coma, and possible death of mother and infant
Higher incidence with first pregnancy, multifetal pregnancies, morbidly obese women, or women with inadequate diets Especially protein-deficient
More frequent in pregnant adults
Second semester 14-15
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
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10. Anemia Types Iron-deficiency anemia Folate deficiency anemia
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Anemia
Condition caused by insufficiency of RBCs, hemoglobin, or blood volume
Causes weakness, fatigue, poor appetite, and pallor
Types
Iron-deficiency anemia
Most common form
Treated with a daily iron supplement.
Folate deficiency anemia
Characterized by too few red blood cells and large immature red blood cells.
Prevented by folate supplement
Second semester 14-15
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
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11. Diet for the Pregnant Woman with Diabetes
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Diet for the Pregnant Woman with Diabetes
Gestational diabetes
Occurs during pregnancy and disappears after birth
Routine screening part of prenatal care
Nutrient requirements of pregnant woman with diabetes same as non-diabetic pregnant woman
Insulin often used during pregnancy to control any type of diabetes
Diet plan depends on type and number of insulin injections required
Artificial sweeteners found to be safe during pregnancy
Second semester 14-15
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
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12. Pregnancy during Adolescence
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Pregnancy during Adolescence
Nutritional, physical, psychological, social, and economic demands on pregnant adolescents are big
Nutrition must meet needs of adolescent’s growing body and needs of fetus
High risk for pregnancy-induced hypertension and premature delivery
Inadequate nutrition of mother related to both mental and physical birth defects
Much counseling and emotional support needed
Second semester 14-15
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
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13. Lactation Almost all women can breastfeed.
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Lactation
Almost all women can breastfeed.
Lactation is the production and secretion of breast milk for purpose of nourishing infant
No supplemental feedings should be given until feeding routine established
Human milk formulated to meet nutrient needs of infants for first six months of life
Second semester 14-15
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
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14. Benefits of Breastfeeding for the Infant
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Benefits of Breastfeeding for the Infant
Breast milk
Has perfect composition for baby’s needs
Breast milk provides antibodies
Lower incidence of ear infections, diarrhea, allergies.
Promotion of good jaw development
Decreased risk of obesity later in life
Facilitation of bonding between mother and child
Helps lose weight gained during pregnancy
Stimulates uterus to contract back to original size
Is economical
Provides opportunity for resting
Is always right temperature and readily available
Second semester 14-15
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
hjvjbkvv

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Conclusion
Pregnant woman most likely to remain healthy and bear healthy infant if following well-balanced diet
Anemia and pregnancy-induced hypertension
Two conditions that can be caused by inadequate nutrition
Caloric and most nutrient requirements increase for pregnant and lactating women
Second semester 14-15
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
hjvjbkvv