1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Overview Pelagic animals use a variety of adaptations to help them survive. Marine mammals share similar characteristics with land mammals.

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Marine Animals Avoid Sinking May increase buoyancy Use of gas containers –Rigid gas containers –Swim bladders

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Avoiding Sinking Ability to float –Zooplankton – some produce fats or oils to stay afloat Ability to swim –Nekton – larger fish and marine mammals

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Macroscopic Zooplankton Krill –Resemble mini shrimp or large copepods –Abundant near Antarctica –Critical in Antarctic food chains

6. How do you get THIS from eating only THIS?

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Biomass Pyramid The number of individuals and total biomass decreases at successive trophic levels. Organisms increase in size.

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ecosystem Energy Flow and Efficiency

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Swimming Organisms Fish, squids, sea turtles, marine mammals Swim by trapping water and expelling it, e.g., some squid Swim by curving body from front to back

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Swimming Motion and General Fish Features

12. PROTOCHORDATE

13. Adult form is Sessile

14. Tunicate Sea squirt

15. Lancelet

17. hagfishes Jawless Fish

18. Hagfish Also called Slime Eels Live ONLY in Marine environment Scavengers So—great sense of smell Tie themselves in knots for leverage to burrow in and eat. JAWLESS

21. lampreys Jawless Fish

22. Lampreys Both FW and SW Parasitic Attach to fish, bite through side and live off blood and body fluids. JAWLESS

23. Lamprey

24. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Fin Designs in Fish Paired vertical fins as stabilizers Paired pelvic fins and pectoral fins for “steering” and balance Tail fin (caudal) for thrust

25. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Fin Designs in Fish Rounded caudal fins –Flexible –Maneuver at slow speeds Truncate fins and forked fins –Useful for both maneuvering and thrust

26. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Fin Designs in Fish Lunate fins –Rigid, little maneuverability – Efficient propulsion for fast swimmers Heterocercal fins –Asymmetrical, –Lift for buoyancy (shark)

27. Cartilagenous Fish Chondrichthy Heterocercal Tail Bony Fish Osteichthy Homocercal Tail

28. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Adaptations for Finding Prey Mobility Lungers wait for prey and pounce (grouper). –Mainly white muscle tissue Cruisers actively seek prey (tuna). –Mostly red muscle tissue

29. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Lungers and Cruisers

30. Caudal fin of a Tuna? (Non-stop fast swimming)

31. Yellowfin Tuna Thunnus albacares To 2.1 m. (82 inches) 182 kg. ( 400 lbs.)

32. Nassau Grouper Serranidae: Epinephelus striatus To 91 cm. ( 3 ft.) 25 kg. (55 lbs.)

33. Blue Marlin Istiophoridae: Makaira nigricans To 4.3 m. ( 14 ft.) 272 kg (600 lbs.)

34. Tripletail Lobotidae: Lobotes surinamensis To 1.1m. (42 in.)

35. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cold-Blooded vs. Warm-Blooded Most fish are cold-blooded – poikilothermic –Bodies same temperature as environment –Not fast swimmers Some are warm-blooded – homeothermic –Found in warmer environments –Helps them capture prey

36. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Adaptations of Deep-Water Nekton Mainly fish that consume detritus or each other Lack of abundant food Bioluminescence –photophores Large, sensitive eyes Large sharp teeth Expandable bodies Hinged jaws Counterillumination

37. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Deep Sea Nekton

38. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Adaptations to Avoid Predation Schooling –Safety in numbers –School may appear as single larger unit –Schooling maneuvers confuse predator

39. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Adaptations to Avoid Predation Symbiosis – two or more organisms mutually benefit from association

40. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Adaptations to Avoid Predation Commensalism – less dominant organism benefits without harming host +/0 Mutualism – both organisms benefit +/+ –Example: clown fish and anemone Parasitism – parasite benefits at expense of host +/-

41. Candiru