1. Process Concept An operating system executes a variety of programs
Batch system – jobs
Time-shared systems – user programs or tasks
Process – a program in execution
A process includes:
Text segment
Data segment
Stack segment
Program counter
Operating System Concepts

2. Process State As a process executes, it changes state
new: The process is being created.
running: Instructions are being executed on the CPU.
waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur.
ready: The process is waiting for the CPU.
terminated: The process has finished execution.
Operating System Concepts

3. Process Control Block (PCB)
Information associated with each process.
Process state
Program counter
CPU register values
CPU scheduling information
Memory-management information
Accounting information
I/O status information
Operating System Concepts

4. Process Queues Job queue – set of all PCBs in the system.
Ready queue – set of all processes residing in main memory, ready and waiting to execute.
Device queues – set of processes waiting for a resource, e.g., an I/O device.
PCBs migrate between the various queues.
Operating System Concepts

5. Ready Queue And Various I/O Device Queues
Operating System Concepts

6. Context Switch
When the CPU switches to another process, the system must
Switch to kernel mode
Save the state of the old process
Deal with the interrupt
Load the saved state for the new process.
Hardware (and possibly OS) saves the state of the old process
The scheduler selects the new process
The dispatcher loads the new process
Set the PC
Switch to user mode
Context-switch time is overhead; the system does no useful work while switching
Time dependent on hardware support.
Operating System Concepts

7. CPU Switch From Process to Process
Illustrate where scheduling takes place
Illustrate what the dispatcher does
Operating System Concepts

8. Process Creation
Parent process create children processes, which, in turn create other processes, forming a tree of processes.
Address space (one of)
Child duplicate of parent.
Child has a program loaded into it.
Execution (one of)
Parent and child execute concurrently
Parent waits until child terminates
Resource sharing (one of)
Parent and children share all resources.
Children share subset of parent’s resources.
Parent and child share no resources.
Operating System Concepts

9. Process Termination Process executes last statement and tells the OS
Output status from child to parent
Process’ resources are (eventually) deallocated by the operating system
Parent may terminate execution of children processes
Child has exceeded allocated resources.
Task assigned to child is no longer required.
Parent is exiting
With cascading termination, the operating system does not allow child to continue if its parent terminates
Operating System Concepts

10. UNIX PCBs
Operating System Concepts

11. UNIX Shell
Operating System Concepts

12. Threads
A thread (or lightweight process) is a basic unit of CPU utilization; it consists of:
Program counter
Register set
Stack space
A thread shares with its peer threads its:
Code segment
Data segment
Operating-system resources
A traditional or heavyweight process is equal to a task with one thread.
Operating System Concepts

13. Single and Multithreaded Processes
Operating System Concepts

14. Thread Implementations
User-level threads library
POSIX Pthreads
Mach C-threads
Solaris threads
Kernel Threads
Windows 95/98/NT/2000
Solaris
Linux
Operating System Concepts

15. Many-to-One Many user-level threads mapped to single kernel thread.
Used on systems that do not support kernel threads.
Operating System Concepts

16. One-to-One Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread. Examples
Windows 95/98/NT/2000
OS/2
LinuxThreads
Operating System Concepts

17. Many-to-Many Model
Allows many user level threads to be mapped to many kernel threads.
Allows the operating system to create a sufficient number of kernel threads.
Solaris 2
Windows NT/2000 with the ThreadFiber package
Operating System Concepts

18. Pthreads
A POSIX standard (IEEE c) API for thread creation and synchronization.
API specifies behavior of the thread library, implementation is up to development of the library.
Common in UNIX operating systems.
Operating System Concepts

19. Benefits Responsiveness Resource Sharing Economy
In a multiple threaded task, while one thread is blocked and waiting, a second thread in the same task can run.
Kernel level threads provide a mechanism that allows sequential processes to make blocking system calls while also achieving parallelism.
Resource Sharing
Economy
Utilization of MP Architectures
Operating System Concepts