1. RECONSTRUCTION Chapter 12

2. Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 3. How do we integrate and protect newly- emancipated black freedmen? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction?

3. Plans for Reconstruction Chapter 12 section 1 Terms: Reconstruction, Amnesty, Radical Republicans, Freedmen’s Bureau

4. 12.1 I. Reconstruction Begins (pages 386–389) A. The Civil War had devastated most Southern cities and the South’s economy. B. The gov’t had to deal with Reconstruction, or rebuilding the South after the Civil War. Main concern: –How would the former Confederate states rejoin the Union? –(Be nice to them, or be harsh?)

5. 12.1 I. Reconstruction Begins (pages 386–389) ☼C. President Lincoln wanted to give amnesty, or pardon, to all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the United States. –(Lincoln wanted to reconcile (make nice) with the South.) ☼D. The Radical Republicans in Congress did not want to reconcile with the South. >>>>

6. 12.1 I. Reconstruction Begins (pages 386–389) E. The Radical Republicans had three main goals: 1. to make the Republican Party become powerful in the South. 2. to prevent Confederate leaders from returning to power. 3. get the federal government to help African Americans achieve political equality (right to vote) in the South. F. Lincoln (R) thought their plan was too harsh on the South –(His goal was to bring the Union back together peacefully.)

7. 12.1 II. The Freedmen’s Bureau (page 389) A. Freedmen had followed Union armies across the South. They were war refugees: no homes (had been slaves.) –(Where do you go if you were a slave and now are free? Where is “home?”) B. As a result of the refugee crisis, Congress established the Freedmen’s Bureau. fed and clothed war refugees. helped freedmen find work. schools, teachers, and colleges for African Americans.

8. Congressional Reconstruction Chapter 12 Section 2 Terms: Black codes, 13 th Amendment, 14 th Amendment, 15 th Amendment, Impeachment

9. 12.2 I. Johnson Takes Office (pages 391–393) A. Lincoln assassinated, 1865. Vice President Andrew Johnson became president. (he was from the South, but had stayed loyal to Union.) B. Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction: 1. Pardon all former citizens of the Confederacy. 2. Oath of loyalty to the Union. Exceptions: all former Confederate officers and officials and all wealthy former Confederates. 3. former Confederate states had to ratify the 13th Amendment (abolishing slavery.) (similar to Lincoln’s plan.)

10. 12.2 I. Johnson Takes Office (pages 391–393) C. Southern states mostly met Johnson’s conditions. D. Johnson granted pardons to thousands of Southerners. - Several former Confederate officers and political leaders were elected to Congress. - Republicans voted to reject these new members of Congress. - Congress and Johnson not getting along.

11. 12.2 I. Johnson Takes Office (pages 391–393) E. Southern states created black codes, that severely limited African Americans’ rights in the South, kept them in conditions similar to slavery. Northerners enraged. Started movement for 14 th and 15 th Amendments.

12. 12.2 II. Radical Republicans Take Control (pages 393–395) A. In late 1865, Republicans in Congress created their own plan for rebuilding the Union. –Wanted to end the black codes. –Wanted to deal harshly with former Confederates. (not pardon them, don’t allow them back into power.) B. Congress passed the 14th Amendment; all persons born or naturalized in the US = citizens. All citizens would have “equal protection of the laws.”

13. 12.2 II. Radical Republicans Take Control (pages 393–395) C. President Johnson wanted to be more lenient and re-admit South to Union more easily. D. Congress fought Johnson’s plans. Passed laws to end his Reconstruction policies. Impeached him (charged him with a crime.) –(He had fired his Secretary of War, who agreed w/ Congress’s plan. Congress said he couldn’t do this.) Johnson was NOT kicked out of office, but had no real power left.

14. 12.2 II. Radical Republicans Take Control (pages 393–395) E. Johnson did not run for Pres. again: 1. Republicans chose Ulysses S. Grant as candidate in 1868 (war hero.) 2. Won easily b/c of Af-Am voters in South. 3. More voters also started to agree with Radical Republicans (treat South harshly) b/c of ongoing violence there. F. 15 th Amendment – 1870: “right to vote shall not be denied... on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

15. Discussion Question (don’t copy, unless you want to) What was the difference b/t the Radical Republicans’ plan for Reconstruction and Lincoln/Johnson’s? (The presidents wanted to be more lenient on the South, Radical Republicans wanted to be harsh. Lincoln/Johnson motivated by restoration of Union, Radical Republicans more motivated to establish Republican power.)

16. Republican Rule Chapter 12 Section 3 Terms: Carpetbaggers, Scalawags, Graft, KKK

17. 12.3 I. Republican Rule in the South (pages 398–400) A. By 1870 all former Confederate states had rejoined the Union. B. Carpetbaggers = Northerners that moved to the South. –In South: viewed as intruders who wanted to profit from the South’s postwar troubles. C. Scalawags = white Southerners who supported Reconstruction. –Southerners disliked them too. D. Thousands of formerly enslaved people took part in governing the South. They were elected to local, state, and federal legislatures. –(Joseph Rainey = first African American elected to the House of Representatives. –Hiram Revels = first African American in the United States Senate.)

18. Military Reconstruction Act

19. 12.3 I. Republican Rule in the South (pages 398–400) E. The Republican Party became powerful in the South; started many major reforms. (Repealed the black codes, established public schools system, etc.) F. Some Republicans in the South were corrupt. Graft, (getting money illegally through politics) was common in both the South and the North.

20. 12.3 II. African American Communities (pages 400–401) A. African American colleges began to appear in the South. B. African Americans churches were important community centers. C. Blacks entered politics, govt, society

21. 12.3 III. Southern Resistance (pages 401–402) A. Some Southerners organized secret societies (like the Ku Klux Klan) to terrorize blacks and Republican supporters. –The Klan’s goals: -- 1. drive out the Union troops and carpetbaggers -- 2. regain control of the South. B. Early 1870’s: Congress passed laws to end violence in South – made activities of the KKK illegal. –Many Klansmen were arrested, but Southern juries let most go. –Few spent any time in jail.

22. Discussion Question: (don’t copy) What were the purposes of the original KKK? Drive white northerners (thought of as Republicans) out and re-institute white control of South. Also to intimidate blacks with violence.

23. Reconstruction Collapses Chapter 12 Section 4 Terms: Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes

24. 12.4 I. The Grant Administration (pages 403–405) A. Grant was popular, but several scandals occurred during his second term. B. Democrats said wealthy businessmen had too much influence on Grant. C. Panic of 1873: economic depression. D. Democrats gained majority in Congress due to Grant’s scandals and poor economy.

25. 12.4 II. Reconstruction Ends (pages 403–405) A. Democratic Party mainly aligned with the South. B. When they controlled Congress, they could repeal many federal controls over the Southern states. C. Compromise of 1877: virtual tie for President –Democrats allowed Rutherford B. Hayes (R) to become pres. if federal troops would be pulled out of the South.

26. 12.4 New South Arises Sharecropping = tenant farmers; paid a share of their crop to cover rent and farm costs to landowner. Furnishing merchants = supplied sharecroppers w/ equipment on credit; would take crops if not paid. Most former slaves ended up being sharecroppers. “near-slavery” status.

27. Tenancy & the Crop Lien System Furnishing MerchantTenant FarmerLandowner  Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.  Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest.  Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.  Plants crop, harvests in autumn.  Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.  Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt.  Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.