1. Imperialism in the 19 th Century A Focus on Africa and Asia

2. EQ What motives formed the basis of European expansion in the late 19 th century?

3. Styles of Control Colony 17 th Century Model Protectorate 19 th Century Model Concession 19th/20th Century Model Sphere of Influence 19 th / 20th Century Model

5. Hobson’s View British Economist Believed that Imperialism was economically driven Excess capital in search of investment Resulted from unequal distribution of wealth Core motive was greed

6. Lenin’s View Argued that imperialism was capitalisms highest stage Also believed that excess capital was motive Said that World War I was the result of Imperialism Ignored history – Imperialism had existed before excess capital.

7. The Justification “The White Man’s Burden” “To help our Little Brown Brothers”

8. Motives Economics Adventure Missionary Interests Scientific Discovery

9. The First Two StanleyLivingstone

10. Early Success … Leopold/Belgium and the Congo Boers in South Africa French in the Suez Region and Tunisia French efforts in Algeria British control of Cyprus

11. Belgians 1835-1909 Constitutional Monarch – no policy powers Held 1876 Brussels meeting on Europeans in Africa Hired Henry Stanley to collect as the Congo Basin for him Eventually treated it as a private fifedom – often cruelly Secured by Belgium in 1909 Leopold II

14. French Efforts Distressed with the success of Leopold Began with Tunisia (close to Suez) – they had both economic and political reasons The Italians made an effort to control Tunisia following French failure in the Franco-Prussian War Italians were thwarted by British deal with French

15. Cape Colony Established by the Dutch in 1650 Captured by British in 1795

16. Zulu Wars - 1879 The Zulu kingdom (economically and politically sound) threatened British efforts to control The Cape Colony Eventually destroyed following a bloody conflict

17. Trouble in Paradise Increase in number of Dutch settlers (Afrikaners) Religious persecution was motive By 1830’s had set up two Boer Republics Transvaal Orange Free State Diamonds are discovered near the Orange River in 1867

18. Cecil Rhodes Prime Minister of unified Cape Colony Diamonds discovered in Boer areas Forms DeBeers Finance overthrow of Boer government Fails – war results Rhodes replaced as P.M.

19. Boer War, 1899-1902 British over-confident Win only last battle 22,000 die Boers fight a defensive war War demonstrated weakness of British tactics and weapons.

20. People of the Boer War Doyle Kitchener Churchill

21. Berlin Conference 1884 Suggested by the Portuguese Concerned that the older powers wanted to stop the newer colonial powers Bismarck hosted … 14 interested nations appeared Concepts of Protectorates and Spheres of Influence are first introduced. No real changes …. tension increased

22. South and East Asia

23. Sepoys

24. British and India British had been there since Elizabeth I French had been there first - lost control Destination of British second sons Crisis arises in 1857 – Sepoy Rebellion East India Company replaced by India Act of 1858 British government now controlled India No independence until 1947

25. Indochina

26. Colonial Powers - SEA First appeared in 17 th Century India until 1947 Burma until 1947 First appeared in 17 th Century Lost control of India Took control of Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos) until 1954 British French

27. Conflict in China Opium was originally a medication By 18 th Century it had become recreational Most came from Turkey or India through the port of Canton (The old Silk Road) 1800 the Chinese government banned it – negative impact on British Balance of Trade

28. The Opium Wars 1839-1842

29. Key Elements of the Wars Immediate cause - Chinese government ordered destruction of imported Opium The British occupied the Port of Canton Chinese could not match western military technology Forced to sign Treaty of Nanking. A second war in 1856 had similar result

30. Open Door Policy And The Boxer Rebellion

31. The Policy Developed by John Hay asserting U.S. in Asia Pushed for equal trading rights in China Europeans were not interested … Hay had chosen to ignore European reluctance to allow U.S. trade AND THEN …….

32. Boxer Rebellion China was spilt into Spheres of Influence Chinese students wanted to close China to foreign influences The Fists of Righteous Harmony (Boxers) became the militant arm of the Empress. Boxers attacked missionaries/businessmen who eventually fled to the Forbidden City Goal was to drive foreigners from China

34. Boxers – Continued Foreign businesses and diplomats were trapped. The U.S. sent 2,500 troops from the Philippines to protect U.S. citizens The Boxers were quickly defeated. The Open Door was accepted and expanded to include the interior of China Western powers agreed to maintain the Chinese government

35. Russo-Japanese War Conflict over control of Korea and Manchuria Russia had gained control of Port Arthur from the Chinese – worried Japan Japan successfully attacked Russian fleet at Port Arthur Japanese attacks on Korea and Manchuria were equally successful The naval Battle of Tsushima gave the Japanese victory at sea. 1904-1905

37. Russian Warship Japanese Warship Port Arthur

38. Treaty of Portsmouth There was political unrest in Russia Teddy Roosevelt served as mediator in New Hampshire Japan got Port Arthur and control of Korea. Russian distress over the treaty forced the issue of the October Manifesto (an agreement on constitution)

39. The Suez Canal

40. Suez Canal - Origins Begun in 2 nd Millennium BC by Egypt 1854 – a French-Egyptian agreement allows for construction of a modern canal Took 11 years and the forced labor of 30,000 to complete British attempted to organize revolts amongst the labor force French pressure forced British to halt political interference Opened in 1869 at double original cost estimates Enormous profits

41. Disraeli and The British Regional Tension !!!!!

42. Italians

43. Adowa

44. 1896 Between Ethiopia and Italy Italy invaded Ethiopia in order to bridge two other Italian territories Italians were heavily outnumbered and defeated Italians signed Treaty of Addis Ababa guarantying Ethiopian independence

45. Significance of Addis Ababa Defeat of colonial power Black over white African sovereignty Prompts Italian invasion early in WWII

46. A Larger Conflict Looms

47. Fashoda

48. 1898 Dispute between England and France Argument over British occupation of Egypt (French wanted them out) French outnumbered British, but British controlled seas. French foreign minister negotiated end to conflict. Needed British support against possible future war against Germans

50. Germany Last in and no good places left Decides to make a stand in Morocco Fails – prepares for larger conflict

51. Outcomes of Imperialism Europeanization Nationalism – both in the colonial regions and in Europe Racism – as a result of Darwinism Militarism