1. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR © 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. PERSONALITY CHAPTER 4

2. What is Personality? Personality is made up the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique. In addition to this, personality arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life. There is generally a recognizable order and regularity to behaviors. Essentially, people act in the same ways or similar ways in a variety of situations. Personality influences how we move and respond in our environment and act in certain ways. Personality is displayed in more than just behavior. It can also be seen in out thoughts, feelings, close relationships, and other social interactions. Sigmund Freud ( (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939 adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

3. PERSONALITY DETERMINANTS PERSONALITY adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

4. PERSONALITY TRAITS The visible aspect of one's character as it impresses others He has a pleasing personality He is serious She is kind Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior. adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

5. PERSONALITY TRAITS The more consistent the trait, the more frequently it occurs, the more important it is. adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

6. Major Personality Indicators The Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions The Myers- Briggs Type Indicator. adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

7. The Big Five Model Extroversion Sociable, gregarious, and assertive Agreeableness Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting. Conscientiousness Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized. Openness to Experience Imaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, and intellectualism. Emotional Stability Calm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative). adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

8. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) July 26July 26, 1875 – June 6, 19611875June 61961 Isabel Myers and Katriene Briggs has developed on Jung’s work (MBTI) A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types. People have inborn behavioral tendencies and preferences 2 million people uses the instrument each year both in education and companies adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

9. DIMENSIONS OF MBTI 2 Mental Processes How people "Perceive" or take in information. How people form "Judgments" or make decisions. 2 Mental Orientations How people interact with the world and where do they direct their energy How do people deal with the outer world adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

10. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Write a description of what you see? adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

11. How Do People Perceive Those who prefer Sensing Perception favor clear, tangible data and information that fits in well with their direct here- and-now experience. Those who prefer Intuition Perception are drawn to information that is more abstract, conceptual, big-picture, and represents imaginative possibilities for the future. SENSINGINTUITION adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

12. How Do People Perceive Focus on details & specifics Admire practical solutions Notice details & remember facts Are pragmatic - see what is Live in the here-and-now Trust actual experience Like to use established skills Like step-by-step instructions SENSING Focus on the big picture & possibilities Admire creative ideas Notice anything new or different Are inventive - see what could be Think about future implications Trust their gut instinct Prefer to learn new skills INTUITION adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

13. Suppose you are a manager. You are to make a critical decision. You have to fire one of your employees. Which one would you choose? A new worker which is real hard working and skillful A old worker that is out of date Myers-Briggs Type Indicator adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

14. Those who prefer Thinking Judgment have a natural preference for making decisions in an objective, logical, and analytical manner with an emphasis on tasks and results to be accomplished. Those whose preference is for Feeling Judgment make their decisions in a somewhat global, visceral, harmony and value-oriented way, paying particular attention to the impact of decisions and actions on other people. THINKINGFEELING How Do People Judge adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

15. Make decisions objectively Appear cool and reserved Are most convinced by rational arguments Are honest and direct Value honesty and fairness Are motivated by achievement Argue or debate issues for fun Decide based on their values & feelings Appear warm and friendly Are most convinced by how they feel Are diplomatic and tactful Value harmony and compassion Are motivated by appreciation Avoid arguments and conflicts How Do People Judge THINKINGFEELING adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

16. Where do people prefer to focus there attention, get their energy? Those who prefer Introversion draw their primary energy from the inner world of information, thoughts, ideas, and other reflections. When circumstances require an excessive amount of attention spent in the "outside" world, those preferring Introversion find the need to retreat to a more private setting as if to recharge their drained batteries. Those who prefer Extraversion are drawn to the outside world as their elemental source of energy. Rarely, if ever, do extraverted preference people feel their energy batteries are "drained" by excessive amounts of interaction with the outside world. They must engage the things, people, places and activities going on in the outside world for their life force. INTROVERSIONEXTRAVERSION adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

17. Where do people prefer to focus there attention, get their energy? Have quiet energy Listen more than talk Think quietly inside my head Think, then act Feel comfortable being alone Prefer to work "behind-the- scenes" Have good powers of concentration Prefer to focus on one thing at a time Are self-contained and reserved Have high energy Talk more than listen Think out loud Act, then think Like to be around people a lot Prefer a public role Can sometimes be easily distracted Prefer to do lots of things at once Are outgoing & enthusiastic INTROVERSIONEXTRAVERSION adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

18. Assume you are going on a trip. What would you be doing before the trip? Myers-Briggs Type Indicator adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

19. Those who prefer Judging rely upon either their T or F preference to manage their outer life. This typically leads to a style oriented towards closure, organization, planning, or in some fashion managing the things and or people found in the external environment. Those who prefer Perceiving rely upon either their S or N preference to run their outer life. This typically results in an open, adaptable, flexible style of relating to the things and people found in the outside world. The drive is to experience the outside world rather than order it. JUDGINGPERCEIVING How do people deal with the outer world? adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

20. Make most decisions pretty easily Are serious & conventional Pay attention to time & are prompt Prefer to finish projects Work first, play later Want things decided See the need for most rules Like to make & stick with plans Find comfort in schedules May have difficulty making decisions Are playful & unconventional Are less aware of time & run late Prefer to start projects Play first, work later Want to keep their options open Question the need for many rules Like to keep plans flexible Want the freedom to be spontaneous JUDGINGPERCEIVING How do people deal with the outer world? adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

21. ISTJ “Take Your Time and Do It Right” ISFJ “On My Honor, to Do My Duty…” INFJ “Catalyst for Positive Change” INTJ “Competence + Independence = Perfection” ISTP “Doing the Best I Can With What I’ve Got” ISFP “It’s the Thought That Counts” INFP “Still Waters Run Deep” INTP “Ingenious Problem Solvers” ESTP “Let’s Get Busy!” ESFP “Don’t Worry, Be Happy” ENFP “Anything’s Possible” ENTP “Life’s Entrepreneurs” ESTJ “Taking Care of Business” ESFJ “What Can I Do For You?” ENFJ “The Public Relations Specialist” ENTJ “Everything’s Fine – I’m in Charge” Myers-Briggs Type Indicator adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

22. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

23. Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB Locus of control Machiavellianism Self-esteem Self-monitoring Risk taking Type A personality adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

24. Locus of Control The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate. Internals Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them. Externals Individuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance. adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

25. Machiavellianism Machiavellianism (Mach) Degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)1469-1527 adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

26. Self-Esteem and Self-Monitoring Self-Esteem (SE) Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking themselves. Self-Monitoring A personality trait that measures an individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors. adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

27. Risk-Taking High Risk-taking Managers ◦Make quicker decisions ◦Use less information to make decisions ◦Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial organizations Low Risk-taking Managers ◦Are slower to make decisions ◦Require more information before making decisions ◦Exist in larger organizations with stable environments Risk Propensity ◦Aligning managers’ risk-taking propensity to job requirements should be beneficial to organizations. adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

28. Type A-Type B Type A’s 1. are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly; 2. feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place; 3. strive to think or do two or more things at once; 4. cannot cope with leisure time; 5. are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire. Type B’s 1. never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience; 2. feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments; 3. play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost; 4. can relax without guilt. adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

29. Achieving Person-Job Fit Personality Types Realistic Investigative Social Conventional Enterprising Artistic Personality Types Realistic Investigative Social Conventional Enterprising Artistic Personality-Job Fit Theory (Holland) Identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover. adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

30. Relationships among Occupational Personality Types Source: Reprinted by special permission of the publisher, Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., from Making Vocational Choices, copyright 1973, 1985, 1992 by Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. All rights reserved. adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.

31. Let’s stop it here adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.