1. Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia Independence Movements to Overthrow Imperialistic Powers

3. Indian Nationalism WWI was a turning point for many nations seeking self-rule from British Empire In India, the desire had been growing since mid-1800’s. It was the ideas of the wealthier and educated in India who pushed for independence. Two groups who pushed for removal of foreign rule: Indian National Congress (1885), and Muslim League (1906)

4. Impact of WWI Up to WWI, Hindus had little interest in nationalism This changed after 1 million Indians enlisted in British army. A promise was made by Parliament to grant eventual independence. Promises were empty as Indian citizens were relegated to 2 nd class after the war. Radical nationalists turned to violence – this led to Rowlatt Act.

5. Rowlatt Act The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919 popularly known as the Rowlatt Act was a legislative act passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi on March 21, 1919. The act allowed officials to jail any protesters without a trial for up to two years. Seen as, and was, a violation of civil and personal rights. Protested throughout India – especially in Punjab.

6. Amritsar Massacre Around 10k Hindu and Muslim protesters flocked to Amritsar, the capital of Punjab. Initially started as a peaceful protest and festival. The British had instituted a ban on public gatherings. – A British general ordered troops to fire into the meeting. Lasted for 10 minutes. – 400 killed, 1200 injured Sparks revolution throughout India

7. Mohandas Gandhi The Amritsar shooting set the stage for Gandhi to rise as a leader of the independence movement. He invoked a deeply religious aspect to the movement. Earns the name – Mahatma (Great Soul) Encourages the Indian people and the National Congress to follow a policy of noncooperation with the British govt.

8. Civil Disobedience Gandhi developed the principle of satyagraha or “truth force”. It becomes the basis of Civil Disobedience – the public refusal to obey any unjust law. It was Gandhi’s hope to weaken the British government’s authority and economic power. The people did not: – Buy British goods – Attend govt. schools – Pay taxes – Vote

9. Nonviolence He encouraged the Indian people to not but British cloth and weave their own The result was a steep decline in the sale of British cloth The British arrested thousands who participated in strikes and protests. Despite Gandhi’s pleas for nonviolence - riots did break out. Including attacking police and immolating them.

10. March to Independence A demonstration to protest the Salt Acts – forcing the Indians to buy only British sold salt. A march of 240 miles to the sea coast ensued where protesters made their own salt from evaporated salt water. A second march was planned and police attacked the marchers with steel-tipped clubs. The people kept marching… Eventually over 60,000 people arrested in different protests.

11. Indian Self-Rule Through the efforts of Gandhi and the peaceful protests the British were forced to deal with the idea of self rule. 1935, Government of India Act – Provided local self-government and limited democratic elections. – It did spark unrest and conflict between Muslims and Hindus as to how India should be ruled.

12. Nationalism Spreads to Southwest Asia After WWI, several countries in SW Asia launched independence movements. – The breakup of the Ottoman Empire was a key component in the nationalist movement. By 1919, Turkey was the only part of the empire remaining. In 1919, Greece invaded Turkey, the Turkish sultan could not stop it. But in 1922, Mustafa Kemal led Turkish Nationalists in the overthrow of the sultan and held off the Greeks

13. Turkey With Kemal in command, he became president of the new Republic of Turkey He wanted to modernize the country. He separated the Muslim laws from laws of the nation – also removing religious courts from power. Women were granted the right to vote and hold office. Industrialization and economic growth also took place. Turkish-Greek exchange…

14. Iran Prior to WWI both the British and Russians had traded and created spheres of influence in Persia After the War – the Russians were n no shape to keep up trade, so the British tried to take over Persia. This leads to a nationalist movement. Reza Shah Pahlavi took over and looked to modernize the country. He was more of a dictator than Kemal in Turkey. He will eventually become an ally of the US 1935 Persia changes name to Iran

15. Saudi Arabia 1902, Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud looks to unite Arabian Peninsula. 1932, Saudi Arabia formed named for his family. Some modernization but keep strict religious code of Muslims. LOTS of oil discovered…

16. OIL European and American companies discover huge deposits of oil in Arabian peninsula and Iran. Geologists discover that 2/3 of world’s oil supply is in Persian Gulf This is both good news and bad…