1. Hawaii’s Biodiversity

2. ENDEMIC Occurring exclusively in a given geographic area, having originated in that area through natural means. Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse

3. Nene Rare Endemic Birds

4. Hawaiian Honeycreepers

5. Pueo

6. Hawaiian Hawk (‘Io)

7. Tree Snails Pūpū Kani Oe

8. Unusual Insects & their Relatives Happy Face Spider nanana makaki ʻ i

9. Hawaiian Crickets

10. Carnivorous caterpillar

11. Picture wing flies

12. Hoary Bat (‘ Ope’ape’a )

13. Hawaiian Monk Seal `Ilio-holo-i-ka-uaua

14. Most Unique Plants Silversword ‘ahinahina

15. Ohia Lehua

16. Hapu’u Ferns

17. Percent Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands

18. NATIVE Occurring naturally in a given geographic area; not introduced as a consequence of human activities

19. EXOTIC Introduced to a given geographic area as a consequence of human activities. Anemone fish

21. How do they arrive? Dispersal Methods: Rafting Hitchhiking Currents Storms

22. WHY SOME INTRODUCTIONS SUCCEED AND SOME DON’T? Disadvantages due to new environmental conditions: Foraging & predator avoidance strategies may be different Small #’s of orgs introduced may go extinct Advantages: Generalist vs specialist species

23. Environmental Diversity Extremely wide range of habitats temperature moisture soils vegetation

24. Environmental Diversity Cold & Dry Cool & Dry Warm & Wet Hot & WetHot & Very Dry Warm & Very Dry Warm & Dry trades inversion

29. Origins of Hawaiian Flora and Fauna

31. Origin of Hawaiian Coral Indo West Pacific

32. Hawaii’s Flowering Plants Long Distance Dispersal Wind, Water, & Wings Theory The original colonist plants arrives in the following ways: water23% wind2% birds75%

33. Pandanus tectoriusIpomoea pes-caprae

34. Includes plants that reproduce by means of spores such as ferns, mosses, algae, and lichen. Adenophorus periens

35. Estimated 12.8% of the hypothetical original flowers arrived this way Pacific golden plover Tetraplasandra flynii Has hairy gray fruits

36. Immigration Rates numberrate (1 every …) flowering plants272110 thousand years insects275110 thousand years land snails251.2 million years land birds152 million years mammals130 million years

37. Polynesian Voyagers to Hawaii taro breadfruit kava yam

38. Ahupua’a 1.Upland 2.Plains 3.Ocean Ranges from the tip of the mtn to the reef area Slash & burn agriculture (swidden)

39. Hawaii Bird Biodiversity Crisis Half of Hawaii’s native birds went extinct soon after the Polynesians arrived Half of the remaining species of birds went extinct soon after Captain James Cook arrived

40. European Contact Large herbivores introduced Native plants are “ice cream” Animals multiplied rapidly

41. Introduced Feral Mammals Goats 1.5 million skins 1844-1900 Tree goats Fainting goats

42. Introduced Feral Mammals Cattle on Oahu Wandered Honolulu streets On all land but residential, agricultural or dense forest

43. Mongoose Brought in to help control rat population in sugar cane fields Rat nocturnal Mongoose diurnal Mongoose, dogs, and cats are the nene’s main predator

44. Coqui frog Poison dart frog coqui

46. Cane toad

48. Feral pigs Originally introduced by Polynesian voyagers from the Marquesas Islands ca. 400 AD

49. Pig Fence Pig wallow

50. Jackson’s Chameleon

51. Maui Axis Deer

52. Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby Kalihi Valley

53. Brahminy “Hawaiian” Blind Snake Introduced 1930’s Eats ants and beetles Parthogenic Not a threat

54. Two Piranhas were caught in Lake Wilson in 1992-93. There may be more. We don’t know. Piranhas

56. Introduced Species Acanthophora, Eucheuma, & Gracillaria

58. Super Sucker to the Rescue!

59. Mangroves in Hawaii (transplanted in 1902)

60. Brown Tree Snake, Guam

61. Upside-down Jellyfish

62. Snowflake Coral

63. Samoan Crab 7 lbs 7 oz, 0/27/09 windward side

64. Blue stripped snapper

65. Biological control Biological control: uses a pest’s natural predators to control the pest Prickly pear cactus infestation in Hawaii Cochineal insect

66. Miconia http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/22893437/paintball-guns-the-latest-weapon-against-invasive-plant-species Video Chemical control

67. Impact from Other Exotics

68. Zebra Mussels

71. Veliger Larvae frontside 500,000 per m 3 Approx. 95% die Settling 10,000 per m 3 /day Up to 700,000 mussels/m 3 Filter Feeding 1 liter H 2 O/day Growth 200,000,000 sperm 40,000-1,000,000 eggs per year

72. In general, a zebra mussel population will thrive as long as there are: Hard substrates Appropriate physical and chemical conditions in the water Appropriate biological conditions

73. Lampreys (1835) in St. Laurence Seaway

74. Walking catfish in Florida

76. Alien Animal Control > $40,000/mile to fence Haleakala NP = $5 million Hard to eradicate animals Animal control not popular

77. Solutions? Conservation Mechanical (physical removal) Chemical (pesticides, herbicides) Biological (natural predator) Legislation Education Prevention Ballast water: * UV light * chemicals * dump water far from port

78. 1.What accounts for the largest means of seed dispersal to the Hawaiian islands than any other mechanism? 2.What adaptations must a plant or seed have for dispersal by flotation in seawater? 3.The most likely way that flowering plant species arrived in Hawai`i was by: 4.If a species is referred to as being endemic to Hawai`i, you can assume that it: 5.The main reason that Hawai`i's native species don't have thorns, stingers or chemical defenses is that they: Inquiry

79. 6. What class of vertebrates did not arrive to Hawaii by natural means? 7. Compare a generalist exotic species to a specialist. 8. Why are pigs such a problem? Endemic, Native or Exotic? A B C D E F G Carnivorous caterpillar Cane toad Mushroom coral Green turtle Bottlenose dolphin Blue stripped snapper