1. Graftek Imaging, Inc. A National Instruments Alliance Member Providing Complete Solutions For Image Acquisition and Analysis

2. INTRODUCTION TO LINE SCAN CAMERAS Graftek Imaging, Inc.

3. What is a Line Scan Camera? A line scan camera is similar to a fax machine, photocopier or scanner.

4. Unlike a photocopier or a scanner, a line scan camera is able to image very large and 3D objects.

5. Line scan cameras use a one dimensional array to create a two dimensional image. Area Camera SensorLine Scan Camera Sensor

6. A two dimensional image results from the movement of the camera or object. Sensor

7. The image is acquired line by line as the object moves perpendicularly relative to the sensor. Single lines or complete two dimensional images can be transferred to the host PC for display, processing or archiving.

8. PCB Example Image Original Image = 2545 pixels x 1329 pixels Actual Resolution

9. Benefits of Line Scan Cameras Very high spatial resolution at low cost Continuous Image/100% Inspection of moving objects Reduced Distortion Even illumination of large areas/objects

10. 4000 x 2624 $38000.00+ Area Cameras Area cameras become dramatically more expensive as their resolution increases. 640 x 480 $700.00 1280 x 1024 $3000.00+ 1920 x 1024 $4950.00+ 2048 x 2048 $9450.00+ 3072 x 2048 $7995.00+

11. Line Scan Cameras By comparison, the price tag to achieve high resolution with a line scan camera is small. 1024 x 1 $1895.00+ 2048 x 1 $1975.00+ 4096 x 1 $3725.00+ 6144 x 1 $4325.00+ 8192 x 1 $4600.00+

12. Area Cameras 640 x 480 (NTSC) 1000 x 1000

13. Line Scan Verse Area Scan 4096 x 1 = $3725.00 640 x 480 (NTSC) = $700.00 1000 x 1000 = $3000.00

14. Line Scan Camera Applications Most line scan camera applications involve either moving the object or moving the camera. When the object is moving, the line scan camera behaves like a fax machine. The object is fed past the sensor. When the camera is moving, the line scan camera is like a photocopier or scanner. The sensor of the line scan camera sweeps across the object.

15. Types of Motion Linear Motion Rotating Objects

16. Linear Movement Original Image 2200 x 11000

17. Rotating Objects Original Image 2048 x 19459

18. System Components 1) Line Scan Camera 2) Lens 3) Frame Grabber 4) Encoder 5) Trigger Source 6) Lighting 1 2 6 4 5 3 Host PC

19. Motion and Vision A line scan camera can be used to create an image of a normally stationary object by mounting either the camera or the object on a linear or rotary stage. Image Courtesy of Design and Assembly Concepts, Inc.

20. 1) Line Scan Camera 1 Choosing a Line Scan Camera

21. Select Camera Resolution Select Camera Line Rate Select Camera Output

22. Camera resolution Select the camera’s resolution based on the application’s requirements. Resolution is determined by dividing the available number of pixels into the field of view (FOV). Line scan cameras are available with the following resolutions: 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 6144 and 8192 A 1024 pixel linear camera viewing a 1m FOV would have a resolution of approximately 1mm per pixel (0.9765625mm).

23. Line Rate Divide the rate of motion by the per pixel resolution to determine the minimum line rate, for example 10 meters per second / 1mm resolution = 10 KHz line rate A line rate that is too slow or too fast will result in geometric distortion of the object 20 KHz 10 KHz5 KHz Elongated

24. Line Rate 5 KHz 10 KHz 20 KHz Tech Tip: Over scanning an object can accentuate defects.

25. Available Line Rates As the number of pixels increases, the maximum line rate of a linear cameras decreases: 1024 x 1 pixel = 79 kHz 2048 x 1 pixel = 36 kHz 4096 x 1 pixel = 18 kHz 6144 x 1 pixel = 12 kHz 8196 x 1 pixel = 9 kHz Note: Maximum exposure time decreases as the line rate increases.

26. Choosing a Lens 1) Line Scan Camera 2) Lens 1 2

27. Choosing a Lens Line scan camera sensors are typically larger than area camera sensors, resulting in the need for large format lenses. Typical area camera sensors range from 3.6mm x 2.4mm in size to 12.8 mm x 8.8 mm. Line scan camera sensors range from 5.12 mm to 57.37 mm wide. Image of a Line Scan Camera Sensor

28. Types of Lenses Line Scan cameras with 1024 or fewer use C-mount or F- mount lenses. Line Scan cameras with 2048 or more pixels use F-mount (photography) or specialty lenses. Nikon 60mm f/2.8D AF Micro-Nikkor Computar V1213

29. Determining Focal Length Sensor Size (SS): Multiply Cell Size by the number of cells (Example: 10  m x 1024 = 10.24mm) Field of View (FOV: What is the viewable area?) Focal Length = SS*(Distance/FOV) Lens Camera Sensor Size (SS) Field of View (FOV) Focal Length (FL)Minimum Focal Distance (D)

30. System Components 1) Line Scan Camera 2) Lens 3) Frame Grabber 1 2 3 Host PC

31. Interfacing Line Scan Cameras With NI Products PCI/PXI-1422 + specific camera cable + D2504 I/O cable PCI-1424 + specific camera cable + D2504 I/O cable + memory upgrade (32 or 64MB) PCI-1428 + camera link cable + D6804 I/O cable NI-IMAQ for IEEE-1394 + PCI, PCMCIA, PXI or CVS-1454 + firewire cable and trigger cable

32. Image Acquisition Forms Individual lines can be acquired and sent to the host for processing. Individual lines can be built into 2D images in host PC memory. Individual lines can be buffered in frame grabber memory and sent as complete images to the host PC for processing.

33. Encoder 1) Line Scan Camera 2) Lens 3) Frame Grabber 4) Encoder 1 2 4 3 Host PC

34. Acquisition Modes Free running- the camera acquires lines at a predetermined rate, if the rate of movement changes the image will elongate or contract proportionally. Encoded- the line rate of the camera is determined by an encoder. A single line is generated each time the camera receives a pulse from an encoder.

35. Free Running Objects contract and elongate as the rate of motion changes.

36. Encoded The image’s geometry remains constant as the rate of motion changes.

37. Trigger 1) Line Scan Camera 2) Lens 3) Frame Grabber 4) Encoder 5) Trigger Source 1 2 4 5 3 Host PC

38. Triggered Acquisition Like area scan cameras, the start of each image can be triggered via an external TTL signal. Line scan cameras can also take advantage of Variable Height Acquisition. Here, the beginning and end of the image is determined by a TTL signal, varying the size of the image to match changes in the length of the object.

39. Continuous Image Acquisition When the inspection is of a continuous object (for example a moving web or cable), it is not necessary to provide a trigger signal. The image is transferred to the host for processing based on frame grabber and application requirements.

40. Triggered Image Acquisition When the inspection is of discreet objects, it is necessary to synchronize the start of image acquisition with the arrival of the component/object. 5 Images Acquired at Regular Intervals Triggered Acquisition

41. Lighting 1) Line Scan Camera 2) Lens 3) Frame Grabber 4) Encoder 5) Trigger Source 6) Lighting 1 2 6 4 5 3 Host PC

42. Light Guides The most common form of illumination for line scan cameras is the line light. Line lights are available off the shelf in widths ranging from 1 inch to 40 inches. 6” Line Light40” Line Light

43. Light Guides A line lights can be used as a bright field, diffuse on axis, dark field or backlight. Pairs of line lights can be used to achieve different lighting geometries or to increase the amount of available light. Custom line lights are available with multiple light inputs for increased light output.

44. Line Lights A typical line light system consists of two to four parts. Light SourceLine Light Cylindrical or Apertured Lens Polarizer And/Or

45. Bright Field General (Single or Dual Line Lights) - Non-Critical Applications Non Polarized Polarized

46. Direct On Axis Direct on Axis - Flat, Specular Surfaces

47. Dark Field Dark-Field - Flat, Diffuse Surfaces Bright Field Dark Field

48. Back Light Back-Light - Contour Analysis, Clear Substances

49. Lighting For even illumination of the object, the light guide should be wider than the object.

50. Contacting Graftek Imaging, Inc. Phone: (512) 416-1099 Email: eastlund@graftek.comeastlund@graftek.com URL: www.graftek.comwww.graftek.com