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Chapter Summary
Image Bank
Chapter Assessment Questions
Transparencies
Standardized Test Practice
Video Clips
and Animations

2. Chapter
Image Bank 7

3. Chapter
Image Bank 7
Comet Hale-Bopp

4. Chapter
Image Bank 7
Planetary Data

5. Sketch of Orbits of Lo and Callisto
Chapter
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Sketch of Orbits of Lo and Callisto

6. Universal Gravitation and Kepler’s Third Law
Chapter
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Universal Gravitation and Kepler’s Third Law

7. Chapter
Image Bank 7
Cavendish Balance

8. Orbits of Planets and Satellites
Chapter
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Orbits of Planets and Satellites

9. Chapter
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Landsat 7

10. Sketching Satellite’s Orbit Around Earth
Chapter
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Sketching Satellite’s Orbit Around Earth

11. Chapter
Image Bank 7
Astronaut Chiaki Mukai Experiencing Weightlessness Aboard Space Shuttle Columbia

12. The Gravitational Field
Chapter
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The Gravitational Field

13. Vectors Representing Earth’s Gravitational Field
Chapter
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Vectors Representing Earth’s Gravitational Field

14. Chapter
Image Bank 7
Inertial Balance

15. Rubber Sheet Illustrating Effect of Mass on Space
Chapter
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Rubber Sheet Illustrating Effect of Mass on Space

16. Chapter
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Deflection of Light

17. Chandra X-ray Image of Two Black Holes
Chapter
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Chandra X-ray Image of Two Black Holes

18. Standardized Test Practice (Q. 2)
Chapter
Image Bank 7
Standardized Test Practice (Q. 2)

19. Standardized Test Practice (Q. 5)
Chapter
Image Bank 7
Standardized Test Practice (Q. 5)

20. Chapter
Transparencies 7

21. Chapter
Transparencies 7
Transparency 7-1

22. Chapter
Transparencies 7
Transparency 7-2

23. Chapter
Transparencies 7
Transparency 7-3

24. Chapter
Transparencies 7
Transparency 7-4

25. Video Clips and Animations
Chapter
Video Clips and Animations 7
Kepler’s First Law
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26. Video Clips and Animations
Chapter
Video Clips and Animations 7
Kepler’s Second Law
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27. Video Clips and Animations
Chapter
Video Clips and Animations 7
Kepler’s Third Law
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28. Video Clips and Animations Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
Chapter
Video Clips and Animations 7
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

29. Video Clips and Animations
Chapter
Video Clips and Animations 7
Inverse Square Law

30. Video Clips and Animations
Chapter
Video Clips and Animations 7
Cavendish Experiment
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31. Video Clips and Animations Orbits of Planets and Satellites
Chapter
Video Clips and Animations 7
Orbits of Planets and Satellites
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32. Video Clips and Animations
Chapter
Video Clips and Animations 7
Two Kinds of Mass
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33. Chapter Summary 7.1 Planetary Motion and Gravitation
Section
Chapter Summary
7.1
Planetary Motion and Gravitation
Kepler’s first law states that the paths of the planets are ellipses, with Sun at one focus.
Kepler’s second law states that an imaginary line from the Sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals.
Kepler’s third law states that the square of the ratio of the periods of any two planets revolving about the Sun is equal to the cube of the ratio of their average distances from the Sun.

34. Chapter Summary 7.1 Planetary Motion and Gravitation
Section
Chapter Summary
7.1
Planetary Motion and Gravitation
Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that the gravitational force between any two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. The force is attractive and along a line connecting their centers.

35. Chapter Summary 7.1 Planetary Motion and Gravitation
Section
Chapter Summary
7.1
Planetary Motion and Gravitation
Newton’s law of universal gravitation can be used to rewrite Kepler’s third law to relate the radius and period of a planet to the mass of the Sun.

36. Chapter Summary 7.2 Using the Law of Universal Gravitation
Section
Chapter Summary
7.2
Using the Law of Universal Gravitation
The speed of an object in circular orbit is given by the following expression:

37. Chapter Summary 7.2 Using the Law of Universal Gravitation
Section
Chapter Summary
7.2
Using the Law of Universal Gravitation
The period of a satellite in a circular orbit is given by the following expression:
All objects have gravitational field surrounding them.

38. Chapter Summary 7.2 Using the Law of Universal Gravitation
Section
Chapter Summary
7.2
Using the Law of Universal Gravitation
Gravitational mass and inertial mass are two essentially different concepts. The gravitational and inertial masses of an object, however, are numerically equal.

39. Chapter Summary 7.2 Using the Law of Universal Gravitation
Section
Chapter Summary
7.2
Using the Law of Universal Gravitation
Einstein’s general theory of relativity describes gravitational attraction as a property of space itself.

40. Chapter Assessment Questions7
Question 1
________ states that objects attract other objects with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Kepler’s first law
Kepler’s second law
Kepler’s third law
Newton’s law of universal gravitation

41. Chapter Assessment Questions7
Answer 1
Answer: D
Reason: According to Newton’s law of universal gravitation:

42. Chapter Assessment Questions7
Question 2
A satellite orbiting Earth over the equator appears to remain over one spot to an observer on Earth. What is its orbital speed?
Equal to Earth’s orbital speed around Sun
Equal to Earth’s rate of rotation
Zero
Data insufficient

43. Chapter Assessment Questions7
Answer 2
Answer: B
Reason: When the satellite’s orbital speed matches with Earth’s rate of rotation, the satellite appears to remain over one spot on the equator.

44. Chapter Assessment Questions7
Question 3
Describe a gravitational field.

45. Chapter Assessment Questions7
Answer 3
Any object with mass is surrounded by a gravitational field in which another object experiences a force due to the interaction between its mass and the gravitational field, g, at its location.

46. Chapter Assessment Questions7
Question 4
Differentiate between inertial mass and gravitational mass.

47. Chapter Assessment Questions7
Answer 4
Mass related to the inertia of an object is inertial mass. Inertial mass is equal to the ratio of the net force exerted on an object to its acceleration.
Mass as used in the law of universal gravitation determines the size of the gravitational force between two objects and is called gravitational mass.

48. Chapter Assessment Questions7
Question 5
If a lift carrying a person starts to fall freely toward Earth, the contact force between the lift and the person inside the lift will be equal to:
Weight of the person
Weight of the lift
Zero
Gravitational force between the lift and Earth

49. Chapter Assessment Questions7
Answer 5
Answer: C
Reason: In a free fall toward Earth both, the lift and the person inside it are falling toward Earth with the same acceleration. Hence, the person experiences weightlessness.

50. Standardized Test Practice
Chapter
Standardized Test Practice 7
Multiple Choice
Two satellites are in orbit around a planet. One satellite has an orbital radius of 8.0×106 m. The period of rotation for this satellite is 1.0×106 s. The other satellite has an orbital radius of 2.0×107 m. What is this satellite’s period of rotation?
5.0×105 s
2.5×106 s
4.0×106 s
1.3×107 s

51. Standardized Test Practice
Chapter
Standardized Test Practice 7
Multiple Choice
The illustration on the right shows a satellite in orbit around a small planet. The satellite’s orbital radius is 6.7×104 km and its speed is 2.0×105 m/s. What is the mass of the planet around which the satellite orbits? (G = 6.7×10−11 N·m2/kg2)
Edit this image. Use the correct multiply sign.
2.5×1018 kg
2.5×1023 kg
4.0×1020 kg
4.0×1028 kg

52. Standardized Test Practice
Chapter
Standardized Test Practice 7
Multiple Choice
Two satellites are in orbit around the same planet. Satellite A has a mass of 1.5×102 kg, and satellite B has a mass of 4.5×103 kg. The mass of the planet is 6.6×1024 kg. Both satellites have the same orbital radius of 6.8×106 m. What is the difference in the orbital periods of the satellites?
No difference
1.5×102 s
2.2×102 s
3.0×102 s

53. Standardized Test Practice
Chapter
Standardized Test Practice 7
Multiple Choice
A moon revolves around a planet with a speed of 9.0×103 m/s. The distance from the moon to the center of the planet is 5.4×106 m. What is the orbital period of the moon?
1.2π×102 s
6.0π×102 s
1.2π×103 s
1.2π×109 s

54. Standardized Test Practice
Chapter
Standardized Test Practice 7
Extended Answer
A moon in orbit around a planet experiences a gravitational force not only from the planet, but also from the Sun. The illustration on the next slide shows a moon during a solar eclipse, when the planet, the moon, and the Sun are aligned. The moon has a mass of about 3.9×1021 kg. The mass of the planet is 2.4×1026 kg, and the mass of the Sun is 2.0×1030 kg. The distance from the moon to the center of the planet is 6.0×108 m, and the distance from the moon to the Sun is 1.5×1011 m. What is the ratio of the gravitational force on the moon due to the planet, compared to its gravitational force due to the Sun during the solar eclipse?

55. Standardized Test Practice
Chapter
Standardized Test Practice 7
Multiple Choice
0.5
2.5
5.0
7.5

56. Standardized Test Practice
Chapter
Standardized Test Practice 7
Extended Answer
Two satellites are in orbit around a planet. Satellite S1 takes 20 days to orbit the planet at a distance of 2×105 km from the center of the planet. Satellite S2 takes 160 days to orbit the planet. What is the distance of satellite S2 from the center of the planet?

57. Standardized Test Practice
Chapter
Standardized Test Practice 7
Test-Taking Tip
Plan Your Work and Work Your Plan
Plan your workload so that you do a little work each day, rather than a lot of work all at once. The key to retaining information is repeated review and practice. You will retain more if you study one hour a night for five days in a row instead of cramming the night before a test.

58. End of Chapter Resource File
Chapter Resources 7
End of Chapter Resource File