1. I. The Columbian Exchange

2. What made the process of European expansion & colonization so different in the Americas?
Changes:
--disappearance of whole peoples
--dependence on subjugated labor
--forced conversion to Catholicism
--extent of exchange of plants & animals
--extent to which ‘worlds’ were brought together

3. A. ‘The Columbian Exchange’:
--refers to the migration of people & movement of plants, animals, & diseases across the Atlantic
Diseases: demographic impact devastating due to isolation of Amerindians

4. 1. Diseases: ‘Old’ to ‘New’ world: - Africans brought malaria
- Europeans brought smallpox, measles, influenza
‘New’ to ‘Old’ world:
- syphilis (STD…)
*Yellow fever killed many Europeans in ‘New’ world

5. 2. Plants: ‘Old’ to ‘New’ world:
European: wheat, vegetables, grapes, olives
African: bananas, coconuts, sugar cane, coffee
‘New’ to ‘Old’ world:
maize, potatoes, tobacco, cocoa (Euro. impact)
manioc, cocoa, peanuts, tobacco (African impact)

6. 3. Animals: ‘Old’ to ‘New’ world:
cattle (Argentina, Texas, Mexico), sheep (Navajo), pigs
horses (new tool for hunting)
rats & rabbits

7. II. Spanish America & Brazil
Spanish colonial society based on hierarchical system of the Viceroyalty:
- classes of society
- all Catholic
- patriarchal families
2. Council of the Indies (1524): supervised all Spanish colonies:
- Viceroyalty of New Spain (1535): Caribbean, Mexico, C America, S.W. U.S., Mississippi, Florida
- Viceroyalty of Peru (1540’s): S. American colonies
colonial economies tightly controlled (export of gold/silver)

8. Vice-Royalties in Latin America, 1780

9. A. State & Church justified American conquest through Christianity
massive missionary work
some clergy resorted to torture, execution, & destruction of native manuscripts
many Amerindians formed syncretic religious beliefs
5. Bartolomé de Las Casas: pushed for outlawing Amerindian enslavement

10. B. Colonial Economies 1. sugar plantations in Brazil
2. silver mines of Peru and Mexico
Potosí (Bolivia) mine discovered 1545
indigenous labor
use of wood for fuel denuded forests
mercury used in silver extraction…

11. Silver Mines of Potosí (Bolivia)

12. Silver Refinery at Potosí c. 1700

13. C. The Encomienda System
1. Encomienda used to ensure work was done & taxes paid
2. Encomenderos (elites) were granted an amount of natives to “hispanicize”
based ‘loosely’ on Incan mita system

14. Impact on Amerindians:
- 1/7th of male labor removed from agrarian
economy for work in mines
- many died in forced labor
- many fled
- exacerbated epidemics of 16th c.

15. D. Brazil initially, used ‘prisoner’ labor
Amerindian men captured to work sugar plantations (disease, resistance, fled, suicide)
sugar industry outpaced labor supply…
importation of African slaves

16. Slaves cutting Sugar Cane, Brazil

17. E. The Social Hierarchy 1. Peninsulares (Iberian) at top
2. Criollos (creoles): born in the Americas of Iberian parents
‘Castas’:
3. Iberian-Amerindian: mestizo
Iberian-African: mulatto
African-Amerindian
slaves

18. The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mulattos
Mestizos
Native Indians
Black Slaves

19. “Chino”
“Mestizo” couple
“Sambo”
“Morisca”

20. Saint Martín de Porres (1579-1639)
Hardly typical but still representative of the growing mulatto class: the illegitimate
son of a Spanish noble and his black ‘servant’, he was ultimately recognized by his father.
In terms of religion, he is interesting. As a brother of the
Dominican order in Peru, he became known for his ‘visions’ and ability to ‘heal’.

21. III. English & French Colonies

22. A. North American Colonies
labor biggest concern
initially solved with indentured labor (white Europeans)
3. indentured servants: 7 year labor contracts for passage, land, tools, clothes
French colonists looking for gold
British seeking “N.W. passage” to Indies

24. B. New France voyages of Jacques Cartier (1524-42)
hopes of mineral wealth (‘fools gold’)
first settlement: St. Lawrence River in Quebec (1608)
‘wealth’ found in Amerindian’s furs

25. French-Native American Conflict
access to trade pushed wars with Amerindian tribes
France allied with tribes against Iroquois Confederacy
supplied arms, armor, & men

26. Fur Trade in New France French in Canada depended on fur trade.
Traders depended on participation of Amerindian trappers and traders, knowledge of canoe building, and assistance with transport along difficult river systems and over harsh terrain.

27. French in Louisiana French expanded west & south: Louisiana (1699)
based on fur trade (deer)
3. Seven Years’ War or French-Indian War ( ): fought mostly in N. America over British expansion; considered 1st “world” war
4. England took Quebec (1759)
5. Treaty of Paris gave Canada & Florida to the English & Louisiana to Spain

28. Geography of the Seven Years’ War

29. Before and After the Seven Years War Between France and Britain

31. B. British in North America
Early experiments:
Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1580s): Newfoundland
Sir Walter Raleigh (1585): N. Carolina
Roanoke resettled 1587: no one survived
English also ‘colonized’ Ireland (1566)

32. British Settlers Arrive in North America

33. Jamestown Colony:
London investors organized ‘The Virginia Company’: sent settlers to Jamestown 1606, 1609
80% died within 15 years (disease & Amerindian attacks)
1624 company dissolved
settlers dispersed along Chesapeake Bay: furs, timber, tobacco
use of white indentured servants for labor

34. ‘The South’ settlers from Virginia moved into n. Carolina:
- economy based on tobacco & timber
- S. Carolina settled by British planters from the
Caribbean (1670)
- new capital Charlestown attracted immigrants
- economy tied to West Indies

35. C. The Dutch in ‘New Netherland’
1. Dutch West India Company bought Manhattan Isle from Amerindians & established a colony (1624)
Established alliances with Iroquois (enemies of French in Canada) to access fur trade
1664 surrendered to British & taken over by Duke of York: New Netherlands became New York
New York economy: Atlantic shipping
attracted Germans, Dutch, Swedish settlers

36. D. The British in New England
‘New England’ settled by:
Pilgrims at Plymouth; strict religious community & absorbed into Massachusetts Bay Colony (1691)
Puritans founded joint stock company & migrants arrived with whole families
more urban (Boston), more “American”, & economy based on commercial shipping & financial services

37. E. Pennsylvania
William Penn granted colony as refuge for Quakers (1682)
Successful economy based on trade
Philadelphia attracted German immigrants & freed & slave blacks