1. Happy Thursday! Please do the following: pick up the handouts
pick up glue & a highlighter
have out your notebook

2. Reproduction in Bacteria, Plants and Animals

3. Types of Reproduction:
ASEXUAL:
Asexual reproduction involves a single cell dividing to make 2 new, identical daughter cells
Examples: Mitosis, binary fission, and budding
SEXUAL:
Sexual reproduction involves two cells (egg & sperm) joining to make a new cell (zygote) that is NOT identical to the original cells
Example: Meiosis

4. Asexual Reproduction in Bacteria
Prokaryotes such as bacteria divide into 2 identical cells by the process of binary fission
Parent cell
Chromosome replicates
Cell splits
2 identical daughter cells

5. Sexual Reproduction of the Flowering Plant

6. Structure of the flower

7. Function of floral parts
Sepal : To protect the flower (and to prevent it from drying out
Petals : To attract insects to the flower for pollination

8. Function of floral parts
Stamen : To produce the pollen grains in the anthers. (Each pollen grain produces two male gametes/sperm, one of which can fertilize an egg cell)

9. Function of floral parts -Stamen
Anther
Produces pollen
Filament
Holds the anther in place

10. Function of floral parts
Pistil : To produce the ovules (Each ovule contains an egg cell inside an embryo sac)

11. Function of floral parts - Pistil
Stigma
Where pollen lands after pollination
Style
Pollen travels down this
Ovary
Contains ovules (eggs)

12. Pollination
Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower of the same species

13. Pollination Self pollination
Transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of the same plant
Cross pollination
Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a different plant of the same species

14. Animal (insect) pollination
Petals brightly colored, scented with nectar
Small amounts of sticky pollen
Anthers inside petals
Stigmas sticky, inside petals

15. Wind pollination Petals small, not colored brightly
Anthers outside petals
Stigmas large, feathery and outside petals
Pollen large numbers, light, dry and small

16. Fertilization
Fertilization is the fusion of the male (n) and female (n) gametes to produce a zygote (2n)
The pollen grain produces the male gametes
Embryo sac produces an egg cell

17. Seed Formation in Flowering Plants
Sperm + Egg  Zygote
The zygote grows repeatedly by mitosis to form an embryo which is found within a seed

18. Fruit Formation
The ovule becomes the seed
The ovary becomes the fruit

19. Fruit Formation A fruit is a mature ovary that may contain seeds
The process of fruit formation is stimulated by growth regulators produced by the seeds

20. Fruit and Seed Dispersal
Need for dispersal
Minimizes competition for light, water etc.
Avoids overcrowding
Colonizes new areas
Increases chances of survival

21. Types of Dispersal
Wind
Water
Animal
Self

22. Germination
The re-growth of the embryo after a period of dormancy, if the environmental conditions are suitable
Water
Oxygen
Suitable temperature
Events in germination cease when the plants leaves have developed and the plant has started to photosynthesize

23. Review of the stages of sexual reproduction in plants…4

24. Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Does not involve gametes, flowers, seeds or fruits
examples: binary fission, fragmentation, spore formation and budding
It involves only one parent and offspring are genetically identical (have the same genetic content) to the parent
So what happens?
Part of the plant becomes separated from the parent plant and divides by mitosis to grow into a new plant

25. Plant Reproduction via Spores
Spore - a reproductive cell capable of developing into a new individual without fusion with another reproductive cell
Spores are different than seeds, they do not contain plant embryos or food stores
A structure called sporangia produce the very tiny spores
When the sporangia break open, the spores are released and dispersed by water or wind…if the spore lands in a suitable environment, it can grow into a tiny plant
Found in non-seed bearing plants such as mosses, algaes, and ferns

26. The zygote is a unique genetic mixture of both parents.
Sexual Reproduction in Animals (Humans)
Fertilization: the fusion of two haploid gametes (sperm and egg) forms a diploid zygote
One set of chromosomes from mom combines with one set of chromosomes from dad to create a complete set of chromosomes
The zygote is a unique genetic mixture of both parents. 26

27. Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Testes – gamete-producing organs
Sperm travel from testes to the vas deferens and into the urethra
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries – gamete-producing organs
Ovum (mature egg) moves from an ovary into a fallopian tube
Takes about 3-4 days to travel through the fallopian tube – if the ovum is not fertilized within hours it dies
If fertilization occurs, the fertilized ovum (embryo) develops in the uterus where it is provided nutritional support