2. 13 The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 13.1: Nutrition Lesson 13.2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Lesson 13.3: Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System

3. Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 13.1
Nutrition

4. Nutrition
energy
macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals

5. Energy measuring the body’s energy use basal metabolic rate calories
kilocalories
basal metabolic rate
energy required for one day at rest
varies by individual

6. Macronutrients, Vitamins, and Minerals
substances needed for
energy
growth
maintenance
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7. Nutrients
carbohydrates
proteins
fats (lipids)
vitamins
minerals

8. Carbohydrates sugars starches 1 gram supplies 4 Calories
one half of daily caloric intake should be from carbohydrates

9. Proteins made of amino acids essential amino acids
must be part of diet
nonessential amino acids
body can make
one gram supplies 4 Calories
one quarter of daily caloric intake from proteins
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10. Fats lipids saturated fats monounsaturated fats polyunsaturated fats
trans-unsaturated fats (trans fats)

11. Fats one gram supplies 9 Calories
minimize trans and saturated fat intake
less than 25–35% of total calories from fat

12. Vitamins chemicals needed for proper metabolism types of vitamins
fat-soluble
may be stored in the body
water-soluble
are not stored in the body
vitamin deficiency

13. Minerals elements needed for proper body function examples calcium
potassium
iron
phosphorus

14. Water-Soluble Vitamins

15. Fat-Soluble Vitamins

16. Minerals

17. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: carbohydrate, fat, vitamin, iron.
1. 9 calories per gram
2. water soluble
3. sugar
4. mineral

18. Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 13.2
Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System

19. Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
activities of digestion
layers of the alimentary canal
digestive organs and their functions

20. Activities of Digestion
(1) ingestion
getting food into the body
(2) propulsion
moving food along GI tract
(3) mechanical breakdown
breaks food into smaller pieces
increases surface area of food

21. Activities of Digestion
(4) chemical breakdown
also known as digestion
enzymes
(5) absorption
digested food particles moved into blood
(6) defecation
expulsion of food that was not absorbed

22. Activities of Digestion

23. Layers of the Alimentary Canal
mucosa
innermost layer
adjacent to lumen
submucosa
below mucosa

24. Layers of the Alimentary Canal
muscularis externa
circular muscle
longitudinal muscle
serosa
outermost layer
peritoneum
visceral
parietal

25. Layers of the Alimentary Canal

26. Review and Assessment True or False?
1. Mechanical breakdown decreases the surface area of food.
2. The mucosa is adjacent to the lumen.
3. Peritoneum is serosa.
4. In absorption, digested food moves into the blood.

27. Digestive Organs and Their Functions
the oral cavity
the nasal cavity
teeth and gums
salivary glands
pharynx
esophagus

28. Digestive Organs and Their Functions
stomach
small intestine
liver and gallbladder
pancreas
large intestine
rectum, anal canal, and anus

29. Digestive Organs and Their Functions

30. The Oral Cavity
lips
tongue
cheeks
palate
hard
soft

31. The Nasal Cavity passageway for air uvula hangs from soft palate
keeps food out of nasal cavity when swallowing

32. Teeth and Gums gum teeth gingiva deciduous permanent incisor canine
molar

33. Anatomy of the Tooth

34. Salivary Glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
saliva
water
enzymes

35. Pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
glottis
epiglottis

36. Esophagus connects pharynx to stomach peristalsis
muscle contraction changes size of tube
food is moved through GI tract

37. Stomach regions three layers of muscle cardia fundus body
pyloric region
three layers of muscle

38. Lining of the Stomach gastric gland mucus-secreting cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells

39. Chemical Reactions in the Stomach
protein-digesting enzymes
chyme formation
stomach contractions

40. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: canine, fundus, parotid, esophagus.
1. region of stomach
2. connects pharynx to stomach
3. a type of tooth
4. a type of salivary gland

41. Small Intestine segments lining duodenum jejunum ileum villi
intestinal crypts

42. Small Intestine chemical breakdown absorption into the blood
emulsification by bile
break down by enzymes
absorption into the blood
from capillaries to the blood
lacteal to lymph
vitamin B12

43. The Liver functions of the liver hepatic portal vein
maintains nutrients in blood
converts one nutrient to another
stores nutrients
inactivates toxins
hepatic portal vein
parts of the liver
lobules
hepatocytes
blood vessels
bile canaliculi
bile salts

44. Liver and Gallbladder

45. The Gallbladder functions of the gallbladder
stores bile produced by liver
releases bile when fat-containing chyme is in duodenum

46. Pancreas pancreatic juices glucose regulation
contain digestive enzymes
glucose regulation
beta cells–insulin
alpha cells–glucagon

47. Large Intestine regions cecum colon ascending transverse descending
sigmoid

48. Rectum, Anal Canal, and Anus
sphincters
internal
external

49. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: jejunum, sigmoid, beta cells, gallbladder. 1. a region of the colon 2. a region of the small intestine 3. stores bile 4. produce insulin

50. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 13.3
Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System

51. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
gingivitis and periodontal disease
plaque forms tarter
cardiovascular disease
gastroesophageal reflux disease
heartburn
ulcers
Helicobacter pylori

52. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
gastroenteritis
inflammation of stomach or intestine
inflammatory bowel disease
chronic inflammation
ulcerative colitis
Crohn’s disease
constipation and diarrhea
infrequent or too frequent defecation

53. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
hepatitis
inflammation of liver
pancreatitis
inflammation of pancreas
gallstones
bile forms crystals
cholecystectomy
cancer
digestive system cancers are common
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54. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: tartar, gallstones, hepatitis, or ulcers. 1. Helicobacter pylori causes _______________. 2. Inflammation of the liver is _______________. 3. Plaque forms _______________. 4. Crystals of bile are _______________.