1. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.1 Test lamps consisting of two 240 V, 15 W lamps connected in series Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 1

2. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.2 (a) Vibrating-type voltage tester Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 2

3. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.2 (b) Vibrating-type voltage tester Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 3

4. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.3 Lamp conditions for a three-pin socket tester Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 4

5. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.4 Exploded view of a moving-coil movement Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 5

6. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.5(a) Moving-iron meter movement Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 6

7. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.5(b) Moving-iron meter movement Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 7

8. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.5(c) Moving-iron meter movement Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 8

9. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.6 Parallax. The eye at A sees the meter pointer over the 5.1 mark. The eye at B sees the pointer over the 4.9 mark. If the meter were observed directly, the pointer would show 5.0 Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 9

10. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.7 Circuit for example 7.1 Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 10

11. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.8 Circuit for example 7.3 Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 11

12. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.9 Internal circuit arrangement of a current transformer type, link-test ammeter suitable only for a.c. work Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 12

13. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.10 Non-intrusive ammeters (a) Digital clamp meter Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 13

14. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.10 Non-intrusive ammeters (b) Analogue clamp meter Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 14

15. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.11(a) A dynamometer movement Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 15

16. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.11(b) A dynamometer movement Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 16

17. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.12 Simplified circuit for a series ohmmeter Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 17

18. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.13 Parallel ohmmeter Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 18

19. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.14 Simplified VOM voltmeter schematic diagram. This voltmeter uses one 50 µ A, 5000 Ω meter movement, multiplier resistors, and one range switch Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 19

20. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.15 Multi-range a.c. voltmeter. Diodes D 1 and D 2 are the meter rectifiers which change the a.c. into d.c. for the 50 µ A, 5000 Ω meter movement Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 20

21. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.16 Multi-range ammeter typical of those found in many VOMs. The meter is a 50 µ A full-scale, 5000 Ω movement Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 21

22. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.17 Typical ohmmeter circuit used in VOMs. The variable resistor R adj is used to compensate for anything that will change the current flowing in the ohmmeter circuit. The switched resistor R x 1 through R x  1000 selects the meter ’ s resistance ranges Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 22

23. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.18 Sanwa 460-ED multimeter showing details of its scales and ranges Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 23

24. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.19 Digital voltmeter circuit principles Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 24

25. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.20 Digital multimeter circuit principles Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 25

26. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.21 Volt-ammeter circuits for determining an unknown resistance Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 26

27. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.22 Wheatstone bridge circuits (selected versions) Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 27

28. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.23 Insulation-test meter circuit Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 28

29. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.24 Basic bridge megger circuit Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 29

30. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.25 A 500 V bridge megger Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 30

31. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.26 Modern battery- powered insulation tester Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 31

32. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.27 Potentiometer circuits Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 32

33. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.28 Weston standard cell Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 33

34. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.29 Cathode-ray tube Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 34

35. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.30 Horizontal and vertical plates deflect the electron stream Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 35

36. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.31 Simplified block diagram showing the basic electronic blocks of all oscilloscopes Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 36

37. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.32 Vertical position control Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 37

38. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.33 Basic sweep signal Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 38

39. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.34 Vertical attenuator Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 39

40. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.35 Horizontal time-base control. There are 21 time-base settings and an external input position Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 40

41. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.36 Sinusoidal waveform on an oscilloscope screen Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 41

42. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.37(a) Effect of altering the sweep frequency Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 42

43. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.37(b) Effect of altering the sweep frequency Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 43

44. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.37(c) Effect of altering the sweep frequency Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 44

45. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.38 Simplified block diagram of a dual-trace oscilloscope. Note that the outputs of the two vertical preamplifiers are connected to the vertical deflection amplifier with an electronic switch Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 45

46. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.39 CRO patterns for various phase displacements Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 46

47. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.40 Sketch for example 7.9 Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 47

48. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.41 Lissajous figures and corresponding frequency ratios for a 90° phase relationship between the voltages applied to the two sets of deflection plates Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 48

49. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.42(a) Loading a circuit with a voltmeter Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 49

50. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean Figure 7.42(b) Loading a circuit with a voltmeter Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 50