1. MARE 171 Marine Biology: Diversity Dr. Turner Fall 2014

2. Higher Invertebrates

3. Molluscs: animals that belong to the phylum Mollusca; one of the largest most successful groups of animals (chitons, snails, clams, octopods, squid)

4. Higher Invertebrates Head-Foot: the part of the molluscan body that contains the animal’s head and a muscular foot Visceral Mass: the part of the molluscan body that contains all of the organs, with the exception of the animal’s head and foot

5. Higher Invertebrates Mantle: a tissue found in molluscs that is responsible for forming the shell in animals that have one and that in cephalopods functions in locomotion Mantle Cavity: the space between the mantle and the mollusc’s body

6. Higher Invertebrates Radula: a ribbon of tissue that contains teeth; present in all molluscs except bivalves

7. Higher Invertebrates Periostracum: the outermost layer of a molluscan shell Conchiolin: a protein that makes up the periostracum Prismatic Layer: the middle layer of the molluscan shell and is composed of CaCO 3 and protein

8. Higher Invertebrates Chitons: are members of the molluscan class Polyplacophora and they have flattened bodies that are most often covered by eight shell plates - herbivores; feed with radula

9. Higher Invertebrates Scaphopods: are members of the molluscan class Scaphopoda commonly called tusk shells - buried in sediment; feed with tentacles

10. Higher Invertebrates Gastropods: are members of the molluscan class Gastropoda - most shelled; single piece called Univalve - (a) Coiled or (b) Uncoiled

11. Higher Invertebrates Whorl: a turn of a gastropod shell around a central axis Aperture: the opening to a gastropod shell Operculum: a structure that some gastropods have for closing their aperture

12. Higher Invertebrates Gastropod Feeding Strategies Herbivorous Grazer Carnivorous PredatorFilter Feeders

13. Higher Invertebrates Gastropod Feeding Strategies Carnivorous Predator Bulb Gland: gland located near the mouth of cone snails that produces the venom that coats the snail’s radula

14. Higher Invertebrates Naked Gastropods Nudibranchs: are marine gastopods that lack a shell; Cerata: projections found on the body of nudibranchs that increase the surface area available for gas exchange

15. Gastropod Reproduction Internal fertilization in most species; eggs laid in projective jelly-like substance - some external fertilization Primitive gastropods Trochophore larvae: a free swimming larval stage associated with primitive gastropods that shed their eggs into the water Higher Invertebrates

16. Trochophore Larvae: a free swimming larval stage associated with primitive gastropods that shed their eggs into the water Veliger Larvae: a free- swimming larva stage characteristic of many marine gastropods Higher Invertebrates

17. Hermaphroditic Limpets – Credipula Congregate in stacked groups; male on top fertilizing eggs of female below All start at males; change to female depending upon sex ratios – determined by Phermones: Higher Invertebrates a hormone released into the environment by an animal, that controls the development and behavior of other animals of the same species FIG 9-11

18. Bivalves: are molluscs in the class Bivalvia that have two hinged shells (Valves) covering their body - Have no head or radula; bodies are laterally compressed; shell hinged by ligaments Higher Invertebrates FIG 9-12

19. Bivalve Anatomy Umbo: the area around the hinge and the oldest part of a bivalve shell; grows outward Adductor muscles: close the two valves of a bivalve shell Higher Invertebrates

20. Bivalve Anatomy Inhalant opening: an opening formed by the mantle that allows water to enter the mantle cavity Exhalant opening: an opening formed by the mantle that allows water to exit the mantle cavity Higher Invertebrates

21. Bivalve Anatomy Inhalant opening: an opening formed by the mantle that allows water to enter the mantle cavity Exhalant opening: an opening formed by the mantle that allows water to exit the mantle cavity Palps: are a pair of structures, located near a bivalve’s mouth, that form a food mass from the food filtered by the bivalve and move it to the animal’s mouth Higher Invertebrates

22. Bivalve Adaptations Soft-Bottom Burrowers, Attached surface dwellers, Figs of each organism Higher Invertebrates

23. Bivalve Adaptations Unattached surface dwellers, Boring Bivalves Figs of each organism Higher Invertebrates

24. Cephalopods: are members of the molluscan class Cephalopoda, which includes octopods and squid Two major types: Nautiloids: cephalopods whose body is covered by a shell Coleoids: cephalopods that do not have an external shell Higher Invertebrates

25. Nautiloids – produce large coiled shells composed of chambers Septa: partitions that separate the chambers of a nautilus shell Higher Invertebrates

26. Siphuncle: a cord of tissue that runs through the chambers of a nautilus shell and removes seawater from new chambers as they form Crop: a sac-like structure that stores food Higher Invertebrates

27. Coleoids – have 10 appendages; 8 arms and 2 tentacles; have small internal shells Squid have a Pen: a strip of hard protein that helps support the mantle Higher Invertebrates

28. Sepia: a dark fluid produced by the ink gland of coleids; contains Melanin: a brown-black pigment; Deep-sea squid have white or bioluminescent Sepia Chromatophores: are pigment containing cells that function in color changes Higher Invertebrates

29. Spermatophore: a package of sperm Oviduct: a tube that carries eggs to the outside of the body Higher Invertebrates

30. Annelids: worms belonging to Phylum Annelida; bodies are divided internally and eternally into segments Many have a Hydrostatic Skeleton: a means of supporting an animal’s body using fluid contained in a body compartment Setae: small bristles on the skin of some annelids Higher Invertebrates

31. Polychaetes: annelid worms belonging to the class polychaeta Higher Invertebrates