1. Organelles and Cells

2. Organelles and Cell as a System (Cell Processes)
Organelles – structures within cells that serve a specific function
Organelles collaborate to get things done/divide the labor
Cellular respiration
Secretion
Cell division
Transport
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Protein synthesis

3. Cytoplasm Jelly like material that makes up the environment of
the cell.
Contains water, dissolved
salts, minerals, vitamins
and all the cell’s
organelles.

4. Cell Membrane
Selectively permeable; regulates what can enter and exit the cell.
“Gate keeper” of the cell.
Made up of phospholipids and embedded with proteins.

5. Nucleus, Nuclear Envelope and Nucleolus
Nucleus - the control center of
the cell.
It contains the cell’s instructions
(DNA) for assembling proteins.
Nuclear envelope – protects DNA,
contains pores to allow material to
exit the nucleus (RNA and ribosomes).
Nucleolus – site inside the nucleus
where ribosomes are made.

6. Chromatin and Chromosomes
Loosely coiled form of DNA (wrapped around protein called histones) that is tight enough to fit in the nucleus but loose enough and organized so it can be read and copied for DNA replication and protein synthesis.
Super tightly coiled form of DNA – so tight it can’t be read or copied
Forms for equal division of DNA when cells divide
So tightly coiled that enzymes can’t get in to destroy it when nucleus disappears

7. Rough ER Rough ER – attached to nucleus to transport
ribosomes synthesized inside nucleolus;
synthesize proteins that are secreted
from cell; folds proteins and sends to
golgi body to be packaged
Rough ER is rough due to
the ribosomes stuck all over it.

8. Smooth ER Specialized functions in different cells
In all cells, can make phospholipids
Makes cholesterol
Makes steroid hormones in testes and ovaries
Detoxifies drugs and alcohol in liver cells
Sequesters calcium in muscle cells

9. Golgi Body/apparatus Processes, packages and secretes
material from the cell such as proteins.
Series of flattened sacs with vesicles
(packages) coming off of it.

10. Mitochondria
Turns food (glucose) into usable energy for the cell (ATP).
“Powerhouse” of the cell
Cells that are more active like muscle cells contain more mitochondria.
Contains an inner and outer membrane
(cristae and matrix)

11. Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis.
Free – makes proteins that stay in cell
Attached – makes proteins that are secreted from cell
Most numerous organelle in the cell.
Lacks a membrane.
Made up of protein and RNA.
Found free floating in the cytoplasm and attached to the rough ER.

12. Cytoskeleton – Microfilaments and Microtubules
Cytoskeleton is made up of microfilaments and microtubules.
Microfilaments give the cell its shape and structure.
Microtubules aide in movement of material (organelles, proteins) in the cell.

13. Centrioles
Aide is cell division (mitosis) – move chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell
A pair of small microtubules.
Only found in animal cells.

14. Lysosomes
Contain digestive enzymes to break down food particles, DNA, RNA and old worn out organelles
“Garbage truck” of the cell
Common in animal cells, rarely found in plant cells.

15. Cilia and Flagella Cilia- many hair projections
Flagella – long whip-like tail
Found on unicellular organisms to aide in movement through their environment.
Found on surface of cells in multicellular organism. (Ex: cilia lines the respiratory tract to trap debris to be removed from your throat.

16. Vacuole Store water and waste in a cell.
One central vacuole is found in
plant cells. When the vacuole lacks
water, it causes the plant to wilt.
Many small vacuoles are found
in animal cells.

17. Chloroplast Found only in plant cells Natural green pigment
Allows plants to do
photosynthesis

18. Cell Wall Outermost layer found only in plant cells. Made of cellulose
Provide structure and support to plants cells; makes them rigid and stiff

19. Organelle and Cell as System Wup
What is the function of vacuoles and lysosomes?
Why is a tupperware container a good anaology for vacuoles?
Why are eyelashes a good analogy for cilia?
What organelles are needed to make the protein, insulin which is secreted from the cells of your pancreas?

20. Plant vs. Animal Cell Plants Both Animals Cell wall Cell membrane
Centrioles
Lysosomes rarely found
Cytoplasm
Lysosomes
Chloroplasts
All other organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, etc.)
Cilia and/or
Flagella
One large central vacuole
Many small spherical vacuoles

21. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Cells
Eukaryotes have a membrane
bound nucleus and other
organelles (complex cells)
Can be a unicellular organism
like an amoeba or make up a
multicellular organism like a plant
or animal.
Prokaryotes lack a membrane
bound nucleus and other
organelles.
DNA floats freely in cell.
Contains ribosomes.
Simple unicellular organisms
like bacteria

22. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Both
Eukaryote
No nucleus (no membrane bound organelles)
Cell membrane and cell wall
Nucleus (membrane bound organelles)
unicellular
Cytoplasm
Unicellular and multicellular
Simple cells
Ribosomes (organelle with no membrane)
Complex cells
Ex: bacteria (E. coli, salmonella)
DNA
Ex: ameoba, paramecium plant and animal cells