1. 1 Sensation and Perception Chapter 6

2. 2 Sensation & Perception How do we construct our representations of the external world? To represent the world, we must detect physical energy (a stimulus) from the environment and convert it into neural signals. This is a process called sensation. When we select, organize, and interpret our sensations, the process is called perception.

3. 3 Bottom-up Processing Analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense receptors and works up to the level of the brain and mind. Letter “A” is really a black blotch broken down into features by the brain that we perceive as an “A.”

4. 4 Top-Down Processing Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations. THE CHT

5. 5 Our sensory and perceptual processes work together to help us sort out complex images. Making Sense of Complexity “The Forest Has Eyes,” Bev Doolittle

6. 6 Selective Attention Focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus 5 senses take in 11,000,000 bits of information per second while you only consciously process about 40. Cocktail Party Effect: your ability to attend to only one voice among many Inattentional blindness: failure to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. Change blindness: failing to notice changes in the environment

7. Selective Attention Inattentional blindness: failure to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. Change blindness: failing to notice changes in the environment 7

8. 8 Exploring the Senses What stimuli cross our threshold for conscious awareness?

9. 9 Psychophysics A study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience with them. Physical World Psychological World LightBrightness SoundVolume PressureWeight SugarSweet

10. 10 Thresholds Absolute Threshold: Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time. Proportion of “Yes” Responses 0.00 0.50 1.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 Stimulus Intensity (lumens)

11. Signal Detection Theory Threshold and detection depends on a person’s experience, expectations, motivations, and alertness. –Ex. Soldier –Baggage Screener 11

12. 12 Subliminal Threshold Subliminal Threshold: When stimuli are below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness. Kurt Scholz/ Superstock

13. Difference Threshold AKA Just Noticeable Difference (JND) Min. difference b/t two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time Salt 13

14. 14 Weber’s Law Two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount), to be perceived as different. StimulusConstant (k) Light8% Weight2% Tone3%

15. 15 Sensory Adaptation Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. Put a band aid on your arm and after awhile you don’t sense it.

16. 16 Now you see, now you don’t

17. 17 Vision

18. 18 Transduction In sensation, the transformation of stimulus energy (sights, sounds, smells) into neural impulses.

19. 19 Visible Spectrum The Stimulus Input: Light Energy Both Photos: Thomas Eisner

20. 20 Physical Characteristics of Light 1.Wavelength (hue/color) 2.Intensity (brightness)

21. 21 Wavelength (Hue) Hue (color) is the dimension of color determined by the wavelength of the light. Wavelength is the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next.

22. 22 Wavelength (Hue) Different wavelengths of light result in different colors. 400 nm 700 nm Long wavelengths Short wavelengths Violet IndigoBlue Green Yellow OrangeRed

23. 23 Intensity (Brightness) Intensity: Amount of energy in a wave determined by the amplitude. It is related to perceived brightness.

24. 24 Intensity (Brightness) Blue color with varying levels of intensity. As intensity increases or decreases, blue color looks more “washed out” or “darkened.”

25. 25 The Eye

26. 26 Parts of the eye 1.Cornea: Transparent tissue where light enters the eye. 2.Iris: Muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the opening (pupil) for light. 3.Lens: Focuses the light rays on the retina. 4.Retina: Contains sensory receptors that process visual information and sends it to the brain.

27. 27 The Lens Lens: Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina. Accommodation: The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina.

28. 28 Retina Retina: The light- sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones in addition to layers of other neurons (bipolar, ganglion cells) that process visual information.

29. 29 Optic Nerve, Blind Spot & Fovea http://www.bergen.org Optic nerve: Carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. Blind Spot: Point where the optic nerve leaves the eye because there are no receptor cells located there. Fovea: Central point in the retina around which the eye’s cones cluster.

30. 30 Photoreceptors E.R. Lewis, Y.Y. Zeevi, F.S Werblin, 1969

31. 31 Bipolar & Ganglion Cells Bipolar cells receive messages from photoreceptors and transmit them to ganglion cells, which converge to form the optic nerve.

32. 32 Visual Information Processing Optic nerves connect to the thalamus in the middle of the brain, and the thalamus connects to the visual cortex.

33. 33 Feature Detection Nerve cells in the visual cortex respond to specific features, such as edges, angles, and movement. Ross Kinnaird/ Allsport/ Getty Images

34. 34 Shape Detection Specific combinations of temporal lobe activity occur as people look at shoes, faces, chairs and houses. Ishai, Ungerleider, Martin and Haxby/ NIMH

35. 35 Visual Information Processing Processing of several aspects of the stimulus simultaneously is called parallel processing. The brain divides a visual scene into subdivisions such as color, depth, form, movement, etc.

36. 36 From Sensation to Recognition

37. 37 Color Vision Trichromatic theory: Young and von Helmholtz suggested that the eye must contain three receptors that are sensitive to red, blue and green colors. Blue Green Red Medium Low Max Standard stimulus Comparison stimulus

38. 38 Color Blindness Ishihara Test Genetic disorder in which people are blind to green or red colors. This supports the Trichromatic theory.

39. 39 Opponent Colors Gaze at the middle of the flag for about 30 Seconds. When it disappears, stare at the dot and report whether or not you see Britain's flag.

40. 40 Hearing

41. 41 Hearing The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves Sound waves are compressing and expanding air molecules.

42. 42 Sound Characteristics 1.Frequency (pitch) 2.Intensity (loudness)

43. 43 The Ear Dr. Fred Hossler/ Visuals Unlimited

44. 44 The Ear Outer Ear: Collects and sends sounds to the eardrum. Middle Ear: Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window. Inner Ear: Innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.

45. 45 Cochlea Cochlea: Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to auditory signals.

46. 46 Intensity (Loudness) Intensity (Loudness): Amount of energy in a wave, determined by the amplitude, relates to the perceived loudness.

47. 47 Loudness of Sound 70dB 120dB Richard Kaylin/ Stone/ Getty Images

48. 48 Frequency (Pitch) Frequency (pitch): The dimension of frequency determined by the wavelength of sound. Wavelength: The distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next.

49. Theories of Pitch Place Theory: We hear different pitches because different sound saves trigger activity at different places along the basilar membrane Frequency Theory: The brain reads pitch by monitoring the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve 49

50. 50 Localization of Sounds Because we have two ears, sounds that reach one ear faster than the other ear cause us to localize the sound.

51. 51 Localization of Sound 1. Intensity differences 2. Time differences Time differences as small as 1/100,000 of a second can cause us to localize sound. The head acts as a “shadow” or partial sound barrier.

52. Hearing Loss Conduction Hearing Loss: Damage to the system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea Sensorineural Hearing Loss (nerve deafness): Caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves. Cochlear implant: a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating auditory nerves through electrodes threaded into the cochlea 52