1. Chapter 1: The Database Environment and Development Process
Essentials of Database Management
Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Heikki Topi, V. Ramesh
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. Basic DB Terms
Data: Meaningful facts, text, graphics, images, sound, video segments
A collection of individual responses from a marketing research
Information: Data processed to be useful in decision making
Pattern of geographical buying habit based on analysis of a marketing research
Metadata: Data that describes data

3. Data in Context
Large volume of facts, difficult to interpret / make decisions

4. Information
Useful for decision making / interpretation

5. Metadata
Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data, including data types, field sizes, allowable values, and documentation (Data Dictionary)

6. Universal Database Systems
DBMS
Database
containing
centralized
shared data
Application #1 #2 #3

7. Database Systems Collection of electronic data
Central repository of shared data
Stored in a standardized, convenient form.
Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

8. Type of DB Models File processing system (traditional) Hierarchical
Network
Relational
Object-relational

9. Relational Database
A relational database is a collection of tables that are related to one another based on a common field.
A common field is called a primary key(s).
unique identifier in data model
When the primary key of one table is represented in a second table to form a relationship, it is called a foreign key.

10. Relational Database
A schematic diagram of a relational database (a) and a sample part of a relational database showing different tables (b)

11. Relating Tables Using a Common Field
The primary key in the Employer table (EmployerID) is the common field that relates this table to the Position table.
PositionID is the primary key in the Position table. The EmployerID field is a foreign key in this table.
Primary keys can only have one occurrence in a table. Foreign keys may have multiple occurrences.

12. Relational Database Advantages
Easier database design, implementation, management, and use
Ad hoc query capability with SQL
Powerful database management system

14. Database Applications
Personal Database – standalone desktop database
Workgroup Database – local area network (<25 users)
Department Database – local area network ( users)
Enterprise Database – wide-area network (hundreds or thousands of users)

15. Collection of historic… NOT current data…
Data Warehouse
Collection of historic… NOT current data…

16. Data Mining
Help to find hidden patterns and relationships in large databases to predict future behavior
“If a house is purchased, then new refrigerator will be purchased within two weeks 65% of the time.”

17. Components of the DB Environment

18. Components of the DB Environment
CASE Tools – computer-aided software engineering
Repository (data dictionary) – centralized storehouse of metadata
Database Management System (DBMS) – software for managing the database
Database – storage of the data
Application Programs – software using the data
User Interface – text and graphical displays to users
Database Administrators (DBA) – personnel responsible for maintaining the database
System Developers – personnel responsible for designing databases and software
End Users – people who use the applications and databases

19. Database Development Process
Feasibility Study of
Project
Purpose – preliminary understanding
Deliverable –request for project
Requirement Analysis
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
- Is the project worth looking at ?
- Is the DB system worth building?
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance

20. Database Development Process
Purpose – state business situation and possible solution
Deliverable –decomposed requirements
Feasibility Study of
Project
Requirement Analysis
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
What do users need and want from the new system?
What the new system must do
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance

21. Database Development Process
Purpose –thorough analysis
Deliverable – conceptual data model
Feasibility Study of
Project
Requirement Analysis
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
conceptual data model
next slide
example model from the web page
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance

22. Conceptual Data Model

23. Database Development Process
Feasibility Study of
Project
Purpose –information requirements structure
Deliverable – logical database design
Requirement Analysis
Conceptual Design
Hierarchical DB
Network DB
Relational DB
Object Oriented
Logical Design
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance

24. Database Development Process
Purpose –develop technology specs
Deliverable – program/data structures, DB technology purchases…
Feasibility Study of
Project
Requirement Analysis
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design
Define physical organization of data
Implementation
Maintenance

25. Database Development Process
Purpose – testing, training, debugging, installation, documenting
Deliverable – operational programs, documentation, training materials
Feasibility Study of
Project
Requirement Analysis
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance

26. Database Development Process
Feasibility Study of
Project
Purpose –monitor, repair, enhance
Deliverable – periodic audits
Requirement Analysis
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance

27. DB Development Schedule
Gantt Chart shows time estimates of tasks

28. DB Development Schedule …
PERT Chart shows dependencies between tasks

29. Incremental Commitment in DB Development
Project is reviewed at the end of each development phase
Re-justify the process under the light of new requirements and available resources
Renew commitment of stakeholders
Continue / Revise Scope / Cancel