1. Personality, 9e Jerry M. Burger
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2. The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
Chapter 15
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3. Chapter Outline Personal construct theory
Cognitive personality variables
Cognitive representations of the self
Application: Cognitive (behavior) psychotherapy
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4. Chapter Outline Assessment: Repertory grid technique
Strengths and criticisms of the cognitive approach
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5. Cognitive approach
Differences in personality are differences in the way people process information
Kurt Lewin’s Field theory of behavior (1938)
Early predecessor
Psychology of Personal Constructs
Published by George Kelly
Premise of many approaches identified as cognitive
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6. Personal Construct Theory
Personal constructs: Cognitive structures people use to interpret and predict events
People do not use identical personal constructs
Individuals do not organize constructs in an identical manner
Bipolar
Friendly–unfriendly
Intelligent–unintelligent
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7. Personal Construct Theory
Application of first construct is followed by other bipolar constructs
Determines the extent of the blackness or whiteness
Differences in personality result from differences in the way people interpret the world
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8. Personal Construct Systems
Initial thoughts of people to make sense of others and their behavior
Individuals may use the same constructs and construe the world differently
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9. Inadequate Personal Constructs
People suffer from psychological problems due to defects in their construct systems
Past traumatic experiences are not the cause of the problems
People become anxious when personal constructs fail to make sense of the events in their lives
People frequently generate a new construct to replace the inadequate one
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10. Cognitive Personality Variables
Elements between the stimulus and response
Constitute to individual differences in people
Referred as cognitive-affective units
Part of a complex system that links situations people encounter with their behavior
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11. Cognitive Personality Variables
Individual differences in cognitive framework is due to difference in mental representations of people
Individuals differ in the manner they access stored information
People react to the same situation differently
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12. Table 15.1 - Cognitive-Affective Units
Source: From A Cognitive-Affective System Theory of Personality: Reconceptualizing Situations, Disposition, Dynamics, and Invariance in Personality Structure, by W. Mischel and Y. Shoda, Psychological Review, 1995, 102, 246–148. Copyright © 1995 American Psychological Association.
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13. Figure 15.1 - Cognitive Model of Personality
Source: From A Cognitive-Affective System Theory of Personality: Reconceptualizing Situations, Disposition, Dynamics, and Invariance in Personality Structure, by W. Mischel and Y. Shoda, Psychological Review, 1995, 102, Copyright 1995 American Psychological Association.
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14. Cognitive Representations of the Self
Mental representations are unique to individuals
Self-concept - Cognitive representation of oneself
Relatively stable over time
Play a central role in the way people process information
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15. Self-Schemas
Cognitive representations of oneself that one uses to organize and process self- relevant information
Consists of the important behaviors and attributes
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16. Figure 15.2 - Example of a Self-Schema Diagram
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17. Self-Schemas Trait concepts - Part of self-schema
People behave differently due to individual differences in self-schemas
Provide a framework for organizing and storing information
Self-reference effect
Easy remembering of self-referent words as they are processed through self-schemas
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18. Possible Selves
Cognitive representations of the kind of person we might become someday
Behavior is influenced by cognitive representations of present and future self
Provide incentives for future behavior
Helps to interpret the meaning of behavior and events in our lives
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19. Possible Selves
Researchers use possible selves to study varied behaviors
Binge drinking, academic performance
Weight loss, adherence to an exercise program
Researches indicate gender differences in the possible selves of young men and women
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20. Self Discrepancies
Self-discrepancy theory proposes cognitive representations of the self
Actual self - Contains the information you have about the kind of person you are
Ideal self - Mental image of the kind of person you would like to be
Ought self - Person you believe you should be
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21. Self Discrepancies
Discrepancies between actual and ideal self result in disappointment, dejection, and sadness
Discrepancies between actual and ought self lead to agitation, anxiety, and guilt
Comparison takes place outside of conscious awareness
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22. Application: Cognitive (Behavior) Psychotherapy
Helps recognize inappropriate thoughts and replace them with appropriate ones
Cognitive psychologists teach clients how to deal with future and recurring problems
Limited to psychological problems that are based in irrational and self-defeating thinking
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23. Rational Emotive (Behavior) Therapy
Developed by Albert Ellis
People become depressed, anxious, and upset due to faulty reasoning and reliance on irrational beliefs
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24. Rational Emotive (Behavior) Therapy
A-B-C process
Activating experience
Irrational belief
Emotional consequence
Goal of rational emotive therapy
Clients must see their irrational beliefs and identify the fault in reasoning
To replace irrational beliefs with rational ones
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25. Assessment: Repertory Grid Technique
Developed by George Kelly and his followers
Procedure
Test taker creates a list of elements
Consists of specific people the test taker knows
Test taker’s personal constructs are elicited by comparing various elements on the list
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26. Assessment: Repertory Grid Technique
Role Construct Repertory Test
Common version of the grid technique
Referred as Rep Test
Second step of the procedure creates a grid
Allows the therapist and client to look for patterns across a broad set of information
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27. Assessment: Repertory Grid Technique
Researchers employ grid technique to study:
Teaching effectiveness
Profiles of specific criminal type
Career counseling
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28. Assessment: Repertory Grid Technique
Limitations
Does not generate a simple test score
Several assumptions underlying the test
Constructs elicited during test have some degree of permanence
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29. Strengths of the Cognitive Approach
Ideas developed through empirical findings
Subjected to extensive investigation in controlled laboratory experiments
Fits well with the current mood of psychology
Therapists from other approaches incorporate aspects of cognitive therapy in their practice
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30. Criticisms of the Cognitive Approach
Concepts are too abstract for empirical research
Indecisive to introduce cognitive concepts to account for individual differences in behavior
No single model to organize and guide theory and research
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