1. Sensors And Micro-Controllers

2. Schools of Robotics
Mechanical Design
Electronics
Programming

3. Autonomous Robot

4. What Are sensors ?
Any device that converts a change in physical quantity into electrical signals.

5. Tsop 1738 It is a Digital IR Sensor. Works for IR pulse rate 38 KHz.
Pulse rate set by microcontroller.
Accurately distinguish between two colors.
Outputs – 0 and 5 Volts.

6. Circuit Diagram

7. TSOP Range increase Circuit

8. Analog IR sensor Measures amount of reflected IR light
Outputs in the range of 0V to 5V
Hence, called Analog Sensor

9. Circuit diagram

10. Light Dependent resistor
Made of calcium Sulphate
Act like open circuit in absence of light
In light, resistance drops from
1 M ohms to10 ohms
Popularly called LDRs.

11. 7805 Microcontrollers – 5V Motors – 12V Converts 8V to 12V into 5V
Rest lost as heat
Current Rating A

12. Integrated Circuits Programmable – Simplest form of microcontroller
Non – Programmable
E.g. 555, AND gate, OR gate, Mux, Inverters, etc.

13. Micro-Controllers A micro controller is the brain of the robot.
Logic tables relating Input and Output can be defined by you.
Many other useful features built into the IC itself.

14. Confused ?

15. Working Consists of CPU interfaced with RAM and Flash Memory.
Flash memory is Programmable
CPU accesses information from RAM, which gets it from the flash memory

16. Atmega 16

17. Atmega 8

18. Programming Understands only binary language Code written in C
Used to generate a .hex file
Transfer the .hex file using a programmer

19. I/O Pins
DDRX Registers
PORTX Registers
PINX Registers

23. Timers Timer 0 – 8 bit ( OC0 at PB3)
Timer 1 – 16 bit ( 2 parts, OC1A at PD5 and OC1B at PD4)
Timer 2, 8 bit (OC2 at PD7)
System Clock (fs)
Timer Clock

26. Thank You