1. Organizing Data and Information
Chapter 3
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

2. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Learning Objectives
Define general data management concepts and terms, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the database approach to data management.
Name three database models and outline their basic features, advantages, and disadvantages.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

3. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Learning Objectives
Identify the common functions performed by all database management systems and identify three popular end-user database management systems.
Identify and briefly discuss recent database applications.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

4. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
The Hierarchy of Data
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

5. Date entries, attributes, and keys
Entity: Generalized class of people, places, systems for which data is collected. (Ex. Employees, customers)
Attribute: Characteristic of an entity (Ex. First name, last name)
Key: A set of fields used to identify an entity
Primary Key: A key that uniquely identified the entity
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

6. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Keys and Attributes
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

7. The Traditional Approach To Data Management
Create new files for each application
Data redundancy
Data integrity
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

8. The Database Approach to Data Management
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

9. Advantages of the Database Approach (1)
Improved strategic use of corporate date
Accurate information always available
Reduced data redundancy
Data is stored in one place
Improved data integrity
Changes are reflected throughout
Easier modification and update
No need to know where the data is
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

10. Advantages of the Database Approach (2)
Data and program independence
Accurate information always available
Better access to data and information
Simple instructions to access data
Standardization of data access
Each DBMS uses the same set of instructions
Standardization for programmers
Should only know how to access the DBMS
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

11. Advantages of the Database Approach (3)
Better protection of data
Require authorization on the data
Shared data resources
Setup the database once
Several applications can use it
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

12. Disadvantages of the Database Approach
Costly
Specialized DBMS software
Specialized DBMS administrators and operators
Increased vulnerability
Single point of failure
Targets for attacks
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

13. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Data Modeling
Planned data redundancy
To have it available in more than one place
To improve system performance
Data model
A diagram of entities and their relationships
Enterprise data modeling
Done at the level of enterprise
Entity-relationship diagrams
Use graphs to show how data is organized and how it is related
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

14. Entity-Relationship Diagram for a Customer Ordering Database
(one-to-many)
Relationship
(many-to-one)
Relationship
(one-to-one)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

15. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Database Models
Hierarchical (tree)
Data is organized top-down
Network
Owner-membership relationship
A member can have many owners
Relational
Uses tabular format with 2-dimensional tables (relations)
Relations resemble files
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

16. Hierarchical Database Model
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

17. Network Database Model
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

18. Relational Database Model
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

19. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Relational Models
Describe data using a standard tabular format with all data elements placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations, that are the logical equivalent of files.
Rows represent data entity
Columns represent attributes
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

20. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Relational Models
Domain: Set of values an attribute can have
Age: Between 0-100
Gender: Male or female
Selecting
Pick rows based on certain criteria
Select those whose gender is female
Projecting
Create a new table with a subset of attributes
Joining
Combine two or more tables
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

21. Linking Database Tables to Answer an Inquiry
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

22. Building and Modifying a Relational Database
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

23. Database Management Systems
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

24. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Providing a User View
Schema - a description of the entire database
First create a schema, then create the tables
Subschema - a file that contains a description of a subset of the database and identifies which users can modify the data items in that subset
A sales representative has to see the data for her office, not the company stock data
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

25. The Use of Schemas and Subschemas
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

26. Creating and Modifying the Database
Data definition language (DDL) - a collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and data relationships in a specific database
Used to define the schemas
Data dictionary – detailed description of data in a database
Create a data dictionary when defining the schemas
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

27. Typical Uses of a Data Dictionary
Provide a standard definition of terms and data elements
Assist programmers in designing and writing programs
Simplify database modification
Reduce data redundancy
Increase data reliability
Speed program development
Ease modification of data and information
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

28. Storing and Retrieving Data
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

29. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Data Access
Concurrency control: Lock the record so that only one application can access it at a time
Data manipulation language (DML)
Structured Query Language (SQL)
SELECT * FROM Project
WHERE Project_number=“155”
UPDATE Project
SET Project_number=“156”
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

30. Structured Query Language
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

31. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Database Output
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

32. Popular Database Management Systems
Oracle
MySQL
Paradox database
FileMaker Pro
Microsoft Access
Lotus Spreadsheet
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

33. Worldwide Database Market Share (2001)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

34. Selecting a Database Management System (1)
Database size: Number of records in the database
Number of concurrent users: People or applications that will access it at the same time
Performance: How fast can the DBMS access or update records?
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

35. Selecting a Database Management System (2)
Integration: Which operating system can it run under?
Features: Which security procedures or privacy policies are in place?
Vendor: Size and reputation of the vendor
Cost: Initial cost, maintenance costs, hardware costs, personnel costs
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

36. Database Applications
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

37. Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining
Data Warehouse - a database that collects business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects of the company’s processes, products, and customers.
Data Mart – a subset of a data warehouse.
For small and medium size businesses
Used mostly for decision support system
Data Mining - an information analysis tool that involves the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

38. Elements of a Data Warehouse
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

39. Common Data Mining Applications
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

40. Common Data Mining Applications (1)
Branding and positioning of products
Customer churn
Which customers can switch to competitors?
Direct marketing
Who would respond to telemarketing?
Fraud detection
Predict transactions which are likely to be illegal
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

41. Common Data Mining Applications (2)
Market-based analysis
Which products are bought at the same time (diaper, beer, chips)
Market segmentation
Group users based on similarity of products that they buy
Trend analysis
Analyze how variables change over time (e.g., sales)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

42. Business Intelligence
Gathering enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form.
Competitive intelligence
What others are doing
Counterintelligence
Define trade secret information
Knowledge management
Capture company’s collective expertise wherever it resides
Record knowledge and share it
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

43. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Others
Distributed databases
Data is spread over a few database
On-line analytical processing (OLAP)
Programs used to store and deliver data
Used to analyze millions of customer records
Open database connectivity (ODBC) standards
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

44. Comparison of OLAP and Data Mining
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

45. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Advantages of ODBC
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

46. Object-Relational Database Management System
Stores the following types of data as objects:
audio
images
unstructured
text
spatial data
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

47. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Spatial Technology
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

48. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Summary
Data - one of the most valuable resources a firm possesses.
Entity - a generalized class of objects for which data is collected, stored, and maintained.
Attribute - a characteristic of an entity.
DBMS - a group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs.
Data mining - the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition