3. Abdominal Muscles: down and out Diaphragm: down External Intercostals: ribs up and out Inspiration

4. Boyle’s Law: PV = constant P = pressure V = volume Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure http://sciencesquad.questacon.edu.au/activities/model_lung.h tml

5. http://www.easyrent.tj/001_lib/002_anatomy_3d/3d_models/human_anatomy/male_systems/Male_Respiratory_3.php

6. http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/Respiratory%20System.htm

7. http://www.naturalhealthschool.com/bronchi_trachea.html

8. Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Pg. 31.

9. Phonation threshold pressure (PTP): smallest subglottal pressure needed to start self- sustained oscillation For low frequency phonation, PTP is around 3-4 cm H 2 0

10. Upper and lower parts of the vocal folds do not move as one The lower part of the vocal folds moves first, followed by the upper part Convergent: lower further apart than upper Divergent: upper further apart than lower Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

11. Vagus (CN X) Superior laryngeal nerve: Cricothyroid (CT) Recurrent laryngeal nerve: Thyroarytenoid (TA) Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA) Lateral Cricoarytenoids (LCA) Interarytenoids (IA) Blumenfeld, H., 2002, Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases, Sinauer, Inc.

12. PCA: Rocks arytenoids away from midline ABducts the vocal folds LCA: Rocks arytenoids toward midline ADducts the vocal folds Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy Physiology Acoustics Perception. Pg. 107.

13. Transverse: Pulls arytenoids toward each other ADducts the vocal folds Oblique: Tips one arytenoid (apex) toward the other (body) ADducts the vocal folds Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy Physiology Acoustics Perception. Pg. 101.

14. CT active and TA passive = increase pitch Increase length Increase stiffness TA active and CT passive = decrease pitch Decrease length Decrease stiffness TA and CT contract simultaneously = increase pitch Increase stiffness

15. GlottisMouth ReflectedIncidentTransmitted Pharynx Impedance

16. Vocal tracts have more than one resonance (formant) The following equation is used to find the frequency of a specific formant: F n = (2n-1)(c/4L) F = formant n = formant number L = vocal tract length

17. Source-Filter Theory of Voice Production Source = vocal folds (glottis) Filter = vocal tract (pharynx/oral cavity) “Whereas the glottis produces a sound of many frequencies, the vocal tract selects (filters) a subset of these frequencies for radiation from the mouth.” Note: This theory states that the vocal folds produce the fundamental frequency (pitch)- the vocal tract does not change the pitch Quote from: Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

18. As the vocal tract lengthens, the formant frequencies decrease Shortening leads to an increase in formant frequencies Some ways you can influence vocal tract length: Lengthening: lowering larynx and/or lip rounding Shortening: raising larynx and/or lip retracting Your book states that the larynx can be raised or lowered by as much as 2 cm

19. Titze 163 Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

20. Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.

21. MOTOR ONLY Tongue http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/CN+XII

22. Zemlin, pg 264. When the soft palate is lowered (Tensor veli palatini, Palatoglossus), air enters the nose Resonance between 300- 500 Hz

23. Pharyngeal Pharynx Soft palate Gag Superior laryngeal Pharyngeal constrictor Larynx Recurrent laryngeal Larynx Blumenfeld, H., 2002, Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases, Sinauer, Inc.

24. Digastricus Mylohyoid Geniohyoid Connect jaw and hyoid Contraction: raise hyoid, depress jaw

25. Zemlin, pg 240.

26. Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.

27. Facial Expression Forehead: Temporal Blink: Zygomatic Nose: Buccal Lips: Buccal Jaw: Mandibular & Cervical http://www.riversideonline.com/health_reference/Nervous- System/AN00084.cfm?RenderForPrint=1 Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical